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PSY240 > lecture 9+ch7/8 > Flashcards

lecture 9+ch7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

state and describe the 4 levels of substance involvement

A

substance use (ingestion of psychoactive substance in moderate amounts, does NOT significantly interfere w functioning)

intoxication (excessive substance use resulting in impaired judgement, mood changes, lower motor ability)

substance abuse (pattern of excessive or harmful use that significantly interferes w functioning)

substance dependence aka addiction (compulsive drug seeking behaviour, loss of control over usage, -ve emotional state when drug is not available. psychological + physiological dependence)

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2
Q

which level of substance involvement is most problematic

A

substance dependence

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3
Q

state (dont describe) the 4 reasons why substance dependence is so difficult to overcome

A
  1. people become dependent
  2. you get trapped in the IRISA cycle (Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution)
  3. substances alter your neurochemistry
  4. reinforcement
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4
Q

list and describe the two ways in which addicts become dependent on their substances

A

physiological dependence
- brain depends on drug to function now
- there are two forms: tolerance (require more of the drug to feel it) and withdrawal (bad physical and psychological symptoms after reducing usage)

psychological dependence
- repeated use of the drug that they cannot control (lose self control)
- cravings to ingest more of the drug
- increased likelihood of relapse

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5
Q

Describe the IRISA cycle

A
  1. ingest enough to be intoxicated and lose your self awareness
  2. lose ability to stop taking the substance (i.e. binge)
  3. withdrawal if there is no access to the drug (amotivation and anhedonia .. explained in later flashcard)
  4. cravings, so they seek out the substance

then the cycle repeats!

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6
Q

what does IRISA stand for

A

impaired response inhibition and salience attribution

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7
Q

VERY GENERALLY, how do drugs alter neurochemistry?

A

they act on reward centers of the brain and cause dysfunction, by increasing dopamine release

hence, the brain thinks the substance is a reward!

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8
Q

what are reward centers of the brain responsible for?

A

assigning rewards

producing +ve affect

learning and association

(all of these functions contribute to +ve reinforcement)

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9
Q

what is the main reward center in the brain?

A

mesolimbic dopamine system (MDS)

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10
Q

true or false: only some structures in the mesolimbic dopamine system make dopamine.

A

FALSE, all the structures in here make dopamine!

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11
Q

what two brain areas do drugs increase dopamine release in?

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

nucleus accumbens (NA)

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12
Q

explain the relationship between NICOTINE and dopamine brain areas

A

nic increases dopamine released by the VTA

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13
Q

explain the relationship between OPIATES (their secondary action) and dopamine brain areas

A

mimic dopamine action in the NA, so brain acts like there is increased dopamine in NA

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13
Q

explain the relationship between ALCOHOL + OPIATES and dopamine brain areas

A

binds to inhibitory neurons in VTA –> less inhibition in VTA –> more dopamine produced

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14
Q

explain the relationship between COCAINE and dopamine brain areas

A

stimulates the release of dopamine from VTA and blocks reuptake of dopamine

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15
Q

explain the relationship between OTHER DRUGS (not listed) and dopamine brain areas

A

alter NA and VTA responses to GLUTAMATE

this heightens memories of past drug experiences, leading to cravings

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16
Q

explain prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction (how drugs alter its neurochemistry)

A

the PFC no longer properly regulates dopamine, leading to cravings and compulsive use

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17
Q

explain how reinforcement contributes to why addiction is hard to overcome

A

positive reinforcement
- pleasure, we continue to engage in it bc it feels good
- endorphins and dopamine create pleasure

negative reinforcement
- we use this to avoid withdrawal or reduce withdrawal symptoms

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18
Q

DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder

A

at least two symptoms (from the slides) within a 12 month period. examples are:
- strong cravings
- tolerance develops or withdrawal is present

causes significant impairment or distress

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19
Q

true or false: under the DSM-5, clinicians can specify the type of substance for substance use disorders.

A

TRUE, an example is alcohol use disorder

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20
Q

what drugs are considered depressants?

A

alcohol

opiates/opioids

sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics

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21
Q

differentiate between heavy drinking and binge drinking for men and women.

A

heavy:
>1/day for women, >2/day for men

binge: >=4 for women, >=5 for men

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22
Q

how does alcohol impact our brain and body

A

it impacts every major organ once in our bloodstream

for the brain, it has stimulant and depressant effects (involves dopamine, GABA, serotonin, opioids, and glutamate)

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23
Q

what do opiates/opioids make you feel?

A

drowsy, euphoric, analgesic (numb to pain I think)

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24
Q

how do opiates/opioids impact our brain and us generally?

A

increase dopamine and bind to endorphin sites

leads to quick tolerance, frequent withdrawal symptoms, cravings, accidental overdoses, and more risk for bloodborne illnesses

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25
Q

what is the relationship bw benzodiazepines and alcohol

A

combining them can be dangerous since alcohol compounds depressant effect of benzos (a lot of ppl OD from this combo)

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26
Q

what drugs fall under stimulants

A

caffeine

amphetamine

cocaine

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27
Q

describe the effect of caffiene as a stimulant

A

impacts serotonin and adenosine

28
Q

describe the effect of amphetamines as a stimulant

A

produce euphoria, changes in sociability, anger, anxiety, tension, poor judgement

enhance norepinephrine and dopamine activity

29
Q

describe the effect of cocaine as a stimulant

A

euphoria, increased blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia, paranoia, less appetite

30
Q

what % of the US population uses tobacco products? what about Canada?

A

26.7% for USA
18% for CAN

31
Q

what category does nicotine/tobacco fall under, stimulant or depressant?

A

BOTH! has multiple effects

stimulant: releases dopamine, acetylcholine and epinephrine

depressant: act like opiates and releases endorphines

32
Q

effect of hallucinogens

A

vivid sensory experiences

less addictive, so no compulsive drug seeking behaviours

we dont know how it impacts the brain much, but LSD might increase serotonin and dopamine

33
Q

effect of dissociatives anesthetics

A

dream like detachment

cough medicine can be misused (turn into lean/sizzurp)

34
Q

effect of inhalants

A

brief effects like impaired coordination and judgement, euphoria, dizziness

first time use can even cause stroke or heart failure… spooky!

35
Q

what age group use inhalants most?`

A

younger ppl

36
Q

designer drug examples+ effects

A

ecstasy, bath salts, “club drugs”

a high followed by a crash

ecstasy use can accelerate physiological dependence development

37
Q

effects of cannabis and hashish

A

THC produces euphoria, tranquility and passiveness, with mild perceptual and sensory distortions

unique effect: lack of concern regarding consequences

38
Q

biological causes of substance disorders: GENES

A

several genetic factors, such as genes that influence alcohol breakdown in liver

epigenetic and environmental factors as well tho

39
Q

biological causes of substance disorders: BRAIN FUNCTION

A

altered reward circuit

low lvls of dopamine

40
Q

psychological causes of substance disorders (list them)

A

behavioural (operant/classical conditioning)

cognitive (expectancy effect .. find out wtf this is)

coping w life stress

behavioural issues (risk taking, impulsive)

41
Q

social/cultural causes of substance disorders (list)

A

childhood maltreatment

victimization

social norms/advertisements

passive family/friend attitudes

42
Q

2 main steps to treatment for substance disorders

A

remove drug from system

increase understanding of factors related to the addiction and develop a future plan

43
Q

antagonist treatment for substance disorders

A

provide drug that blocks action of addictive drug (ex; naltrexone)

44
Q

aversive treatment for substance disorder

A

provide drug that produces unpleasant effect when addictive drug used (ex; disulfiram)

45
Q

agonist substitution treatment for substance disorder

A

provide safer drug that has chemical makeup similar to addictive drug (ex; methadone)

46
Q

psychological treatment for substance disorders (list)

A

12 step program (AA)
controlled use
self control strategy
component treatment
social skills training
cue exposure training
relapse prevention

47
Q

under self control strategies for substance disorder treatment, state the ABCs

A

Antecedents
Behaviours
Consequences

48
Q

what is a component treatment?

A

combines meds and psycho treatment

49
Q

list other addictive / impulse control disorders (there are 4!)

A

gambling disorder

kleptomania (stealing)

pyromania(starting fires)

internet gaming disorder

50
Q

list the feeding disorders

A

pica

rumination

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

51
Q

pica

A

eating non nutritive or non edible substances

52
Q

rumination disorder

A

repeated regurgitation of food

53
Q

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

A

lack of interest in certain food , leading to weight loss or nutrition deficiency

54
Q

treatment for feeding disorders

A

first, treat nutritional deficiencies

then, psychotherapy:

for avoidant/restrictive: behavioural therapy (learn +ve association bw eating and foods that they wouldn’t typically choose)

for pica: aversive therapy (put bitter tasting thing on their tongue and then put the non nutritive substance in their mouth so that they form an association)

55
Q

anorexia nervosa + age onset

A

low body weight and fear of being obese

body image issues and distortion

adolesence (13-20)

56
Q

subtypes of anorexia

A

restricting: weight loss through severe dieting or exercising

binge eating/purging: self induced vomiting to control weight after a binge

57
Q

physical complications of anorexia

A

high death rate by suicide, substance use, and the effects of starvation

58
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

episodes of rapid consumption of large amounts of food, with loss of control over eating

this is followed by a purge, excessive exercise or fasting

they realize this is not normal and hide it from others

eating tends to be their coping mechanism for bad thoughts or stress

59
Q

what is more common: anorexia or bulimia?

A

bulimia

60
Q

health concerns of bulimia nervosa

A

the vomiting can damage your teeth enamel as well as your gastrointestinal tract

61
Q

binge eating disorder

A

bingeing and feeling loss of control combined with distress, which is usually triggered by poor mood or cravings

unlike bulimia or binge eating disorder, there is no purging after the binge. hence, often overweight

MUST HAVE a history of binge episodes at least once a week, for 3 months

MUST HAVE 3 symptoms from the list (i’ll just give 3 random ones here):
- eating large amounts of food when not hungry
- eating alone due to embarrassment about quantity
- feeling guilty after bingeing

62
Q

how to differentiate between the different eating disorders

A

look at the AMOUNT of food eaten, if very little, then likely a form of anorexia (binge/purge, restrictive)

look at the WEIGHT of the person (anorexic=underweight, bulimic are normal, and binge eating are overweight)

look at AGE of onset (anorexia = adolescence, bulimia and binge eating disorder =

**note: atypical anorexia is an exception, as they are normal weight.

63
Q

biological cause of eating disorders

A

genes:
- runs in family
- genes that influence availability of dopamine and regulation of serotonin

pubertal weight gain

dysregulation of hormones that control hunger and satiety

brain anomalies:
- sometimes restricting or binging causes release in endogenous opiods (neurotransmitters that nmake u feel good), so an association can be formed

64
Q

psychological causes of eating disorders

A

body dissatisfaction

low self esteem

perfectionism

overvaluation of appearance

maladaptive beliefs about food and body

reinforcement

65
Q

sociocultural cause of eating disorders

A

societal standards for physical attractiveness

stigma around obesity

66
Q

treatment for anorexia

A

FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS weight gain and fixing nutrition deficiency

then, psychological:
- understand + cooperate w nutritional and physical rehab
- identify dysfunctional beliefs
- improve relationships
- address other psych disorders
- family therapy

67
Q

treatment for bulimia

A

cbt

68
Q

treatment for binge eating disorder

A

focus on factors that trigger bingeing

find strategies to reduce binges

PSY240 (6 decks)

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