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Bio 2D03 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

centres or origin for crops:

A

Fertile Crescent in southwest Asia, Middle East, china, mesoamerica, andes, Amazonia, eastern and northern america

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2
Q

domestication

A

people grow plants on purpose for food and selected for particular traits

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3
Q

goosefoot

A

native to North America, 2500 years ago it was grown as a cereal, now its a weed

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4
Q

when did selection of crops begin

A

11,000 years ago

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5
Q

artificial selection; corn example

A

pick the seeds from the plants we like; corn was artificially selected for large cobs with seeds permanently attached to the cob, wild corn wants to spread seeds, reduced dormancy so all seeds germinate at the same time, one main stem because its easier to harvest, reduced shade avoidance to grow in rows,

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6
Q

stupid plants

A

crops are “stupid plants” because they are incapable of competing and allocating resources to responses. we want them to put all resources into producing seeds or growing. they can’t compete, we make the decisions for them.

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7
Q

teosinte

A

wild corn; highly branded stem, seeds disperse, variable seed dormancy, seeds germinate at different times

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8
Q

TB1 and TGA1 genes

A

genes in the regulatory region of corn, small changes to these genes cause massive changes between corn and teosinte because changing these genes changes the regulation of all genes in the region; only 5 changes to genome required to change teosinte into corn

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9
Q

TB1 gene function in teosinte

A

branched gene; maize tb1 mutant is branched; TB1 is a transcriptional repressor, expressed differently in corn and teosinte, more in corn less in teosinte; TB1 represses growth from auxiliary meristems in corn, not enough of it in teosinte to restrict branching

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10
Q

glume

A

protective kernel covered with lignin and silica providing protection in teosinte, no good for corn because we want access to the seeds

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11
Q

TGA1 gene function

A

positively regulates glume, more TGA1=more glume

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12
Q

evolutionary differences are often due to:

A

variation in regulatory genes which have major affects on multiple aspects of a phenotype

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13
Q

polyploid corp examples

A

banana, canola, cotton, oat, potato, sugar cane, wheat, sweet potato; commercial plants are polyploidy

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14
Q

Emmer wheat

A

pasta wheat; low in gluten protein; not sticky

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15
Q

T. aestivum wheat

A

bread wheat; high levels of gluten protein; sticky which is important in bread dough to trap CO2 in and rise

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16
Q

cultivated wheat:

A

wheat is an allopolyploid of distinct diploid and tetraploid species

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17
Q

how does cultivated wheat “act” as a diploid during meiosis

A

bread wheat genome is hexaploid (AABBDD) but acts as a diploid during meiosis pairing only chromosomes from the same genomes. homologous pairing A with A, B with B, etc. this ensures stable inheritance of the complete wheat haploid genome (ABD) from one generation to the next

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18
Q

Brassica species

A

includes a lot of vegetables including canola, rutabaga, cabbage, turnip, Brussels, kohlrabi. exists as 3 separate species but closely related, interbred to produce 3 allopolyploid species

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19
Q

B. oleracea

A

cabbage, kale, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower

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20
Q

B. nigra

A

black mustard

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21
Q

B. rapa

A

Chinese cabbage, turnip

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22
Q

B. juncea

A

allopolyploid; Indian mustard

23
Q

B. napus

A

allopolyploid; canola, rutabaga

24
Q

B. carinata

A

allopolyploid; Ethiopian mustard

25
Q

glucosinolates

A

anti-insect compounds found in mustard which gives it its bitter flavour

26
Q

what % of mustard seed is grown in canada

A

90%

27
Q

sinapis alba

A

not from the brassica family; white mustard, used to make yellow mustard condiment

28
Q

garlic mustard

A

European herb, invasive in North America, colonizes ecosystems and displaces native species, highly competitive with plants like trillium in ontario; produces a chemical which kills neighbouring plants

29
Q

Canola

A

CANadian Oil Low Acid; hybrid variety of rapeseed (brassica); developed/breeded in Canada to reduce bitter tasting glucosinolates

30
Q

Brassica oleracea

A

species that contains cabbage, kale, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, all same species fo plant just bred with different phenotypes selected. each one is a different mutant

31
Q

Broccoli

A

proliferation of shoot apical meristems

32
Q

cabbage

A

many leaves overlap and surround the terminal flower bud

33
Q

brussel sprouts

A

cabbage development among stem at auxiliary meristems

34
Q

cauliflower head

A

mass of inflorescence meristems; something stops cauliflower from further development so it never goes from inflorescence to floral meristems

35
Q

AP1 and CAL1

A

together, they promote transition fro inflorescence meristem to floral meristem in arabidopsis

36
Q

why does cauliflower not transition to floral meristems?

A

double mutant; AP1 and CAL1 both have a stop codon in the middle of the coding region of the gene therefore it is exactly the same situation as the lab test of arabadopsis double mutant

37
Q

Landraces

A

genetically distinct, locally adapted varieties of a crop, before modern agriculture seed stocks were maintained by individual farmers resulting in 100’s of landraces

38
Q

traditional plant breeding

A

farmers are trying to select traits, don’t want genetic variation but it still happens because the seeds are collected from multiple plants on the field

39
Q

scientific plant breeding

A

genetically improved crops; start of 20th century; use single individuals as founders to produce purebred offspring; same as traditional just improved, farmers didn’t realize they were genetically modifying plants, same outcome, faster

40
Q

2 major methods of scientific plant breeding

A

1 Cross-pollination of inbred lines plus recurrent backcrossing
2 Heterosis/hybrid vigour

41
Q

Cross-pollination of inbred lines plus recurrent backcrossing

A
  1. two varieties, high yield and disease resistant
  2. breed plants to get F1 generation
  3. test and select for high yield & resistant individuals
  4. backcross for variety 1
  5. test and select
  6. repeat backcross to variety 1 and selecting multiple times
  7. result is a wheat variety mostly made up of variety 1 DNA with Variety 2 disease resistance genes
42
Q

inbred

A

breeding of very closely related individuals

43
Q

Molecular Plant Breeding

A

similar to cross-pollination of inbred and backcrossing, but instead of testing for traits, scientists follow molecular markers linked tightly to traits of interest

44
Q

heterosis or hybrid vigor

A

produces a hybrid better than the parental lines

cross 2 low-yield inbred parental lines
resulting F1 hybrids out yield parental lines
genetic basis of hybrid visor is not known
Darwin first noticed hybrid visor in corn

45
Q

how much did corn yields increase from 1930-1997

A

1-8 metric tons
60% due to hybrid lines
40% due to weed control and fertilizer use

46
Q

hybrid crops examples:

A

tomatoes, corn, lettuce, spinach, other leaf crops

47
Q

history of crop heights

A

pre 1940- bred to be tall to compete with weeds
1940- first herbicide invented
post 1940- bred to be shorter to remain upright in wind and rain

48
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

sparked and sustained the green revolution (US plant pathologist); improved wheat and rice; increased crop yields worldwide, reduced hunger, death and political unrest; won Nobel Peace Prize

49
Q

transgenic plants

A

insert one or more genes into plant genome

50
Q

benefits of transgenic vs cross pollination and backcross

A

faster, more controlled add only desired genes, gene sequencing provides more info, useful in research

51
Q

transgene or gene transformation methods

A

gene gun

agrobacterium

52
Q

gene gun transformation method

A

grow plant tissue culture in dish
shoot tissue with DNA coated particle
DNA integrates into plant genome
cells divide in tissue culture dividing genes with them
as the plant grows, plants are selected for ones that properly display the gene of interest (some display the gene better than others)
grow the plant and use it as a seed source

53
Q

Agrobacterium

A

creates a tutor like structure on the plant causing the cells to divide rapidly

54
Q

Agrobacterium transformation method

A

insert gene of interest and a marker gene into t-DNA, transform back into agro, agro transfers t-DNA into plant cells, t-DNA inserts randomly into plant genome, screen for transgenic plants expressing gene go interest correctly, result: transgenic plant of GM plant

Bio 2D03 (10 decks)

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