Lecture 11 Flashcards
India&Bangladesh GM crops
Bt cotton
Bt eggplant–approval pending–grown illegally
China&S.E.Asia
Bt cotton
In Development: Bt corn, HT soybean, Bt rice, Golden Rice
Golden Rice
increased Beta-carotene, increased iron
over expression of viral proteins
coat protein mediated resistance–tomato transformed with tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (CP)
CP prevents viral uncoating; used in cassava, papaya
goal of future GM crops
increase yield, reduce pesticide use, reduce water use, reduce fertilizer use achieved by:
pathogen resistance, insect resistance, manipulation of symbiotic interactions, improved tolerance to drought salt and cold, improved ability to grow on poor soil
plants as factories
renewable fuels, biodegradable plastics, prpoduction of pharmaceuticals
PR proteins
Pathogenesis Related proteins
Overexpression of PR
bean chitin’s in canola; increased resistance to one fungal pathogen by interruption of fungal cell walls
Phytoalexins
substance produced by plant tissues in response to a parasite which specifically inhibits that parasite
Manipulation of SAR pathway
- induction
- propagation-signal moves to distant tissue
- Establishment-signal perceived and plant is primed
- Manifestation of SAR upon subsequent infection with normally virulent pathogen
Aphid repelling wheat
transgenic wheat for enzyme producing volatile Beta-farnesene which repels aphids and attracts aphid predators
Drought tolerance in maize
Monsanto droughtgurard gm maize hybrids–used in USA and donated to African countries
Performance Plants
company in Kingston Ontario
YPT
Yield Protection Technology; Performance Plants product; guard cells extra sensitive to ABA, drought tolerant, increased yields, performs just as well in non drought conditions, YPTcorn YPTcotton YPTcanola
Molecular farming
plants as factories; production of an unusual product; plastics, vaccines, antibodies, pharmaceuticals, nutriceuticals,
benefits of growing pharmaceuticals in plants
need sunlight, soil, fertilizer, no worries about human pathogens, reduced cost
Plant-derived vaccines
formerly called edible vaccines; inexpensive, easy to administer, easy to store
traditional injected vaccines
expensive, requires needles and nurses, requires vaccine storage
Herceptin
grown in tobacco; used for breast cancer patients
plants as an accelerated vaccine manufacturing solution
agrobacterium with flu antigen infiltrated Ito nicotiana benthamiana leaves
purify virus like particles from plant leaves
golden rice
increased Beta-carotenoid concentration
nutriceuticals
enhanced nutritional value; tomatoes with high levels of anthocyanin which provide protection against inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease etc.; mustard with omega-3 fatty acids reduces dependence on fish and overfishing for omega-3
enhanced processing properties
arctic apple; doesn’t go brown quickly when cut; reduces food waste;
genetic pollution
transfer of transgene to other plants; super crop weeds; canola in western canada resistant to 3 different herbicides due to cross pollination, now it can’t be killed when rotating crops;
solutions to genetic pollution
plant transgene crops in regions with few weedy relatives
use UBC tool to model pollen dispersal by bees
creation herbicide resistant weeds
solution; find alternatives to herbicide tolerant crops for weed control; develop new herbicides; use stacked herbicide genes and alternate herbicides annual
apomixis
asexual reproduction of plants without pollen so that genetic pollution doesn’t occur
chloroplast transgene
chloroplast genome is inherited maternally so if the transgene is placed in its genome it won’t be passed to another plant through pollen DNA
Seterile Seeds
protects patent rights because farmers can’t collect seeds from their crops,
male sterile plants
tapetum barnase degrades tapetum RNA killing the cell and preventing pollen from forming which stops genetic pollution. downside is you can’t collect seeds from the plant so to produce future hybrids you have to cross it with a male fertile plant
gm flax seed contaminate conventional seeds
contamination occurred in 2010, Europe won’t buy GM seeds though and they buy 70% of Canadas flax seed. a gm version was created in 1990 but it was destroyed because we knew it wouldn’t sell in the European market so the source of contamination is unknown
starlink corn contamintation
2000, us human corn food supply contaminated with Bt animal feed corn which is slower to digest in humans and was not approved for human consumption.
