Lecture 11

Question 1

India&Bangladesh GM crops

Answer 1

Bt cotton

Bt eggplant–approval pending–grown illegally

Question 2

China&S.E.Asia

Answer 2

Bt cotton

In Development: Bt corn, HT soybean, Bt rice, Golden Rice

Question 3

Golden Rice

Answer 3

increased Beta-carotene, increased iron

Question 4

over expression of viral proteins

Answer 4

coat protein mediated resistance–tomato transformed with tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (CP)
CP prevents viral uncoating; used in cassava, papaya

Question 5

goal of future GM crops

Answer 5

increase yield, reduce pesticide use, reduce water use, reduce fertilizer use achieved by:
pathogen resistance, insect resistance, manipulation of symbiotic interactions, improved tolerance to drought salt and cold, improved ability to grow on poor soil

Question 6

plants as factories

Answer 6

renewable fuels, biodegradable plastics, prpoduction of pharmaceuticals

Question 7

PR proteins

Answer 7

Pathogenesis Related proteins

Question 8

Overexpression of PR

Answer 8

bean chitin’s in canola; increased resistance to one fungal pathogen by interruption of fungal cell walls

Question 9

Phytoalexins

Answer 9

substance produced by plant tissues in response to a parasite which specifically inhibits that parasite

Question 10

Manipulation of SAR pathway

Answer 10

1. induction
2. propagation-signal moves to distant tissue
3. Establishment-signal perceived and plant is primed
4. Manifestation of SAR upon subsequent infection with normally virulent pathogen

Question 11

Aphid repelling wheat

Answer 11

transgenic wheat for enzyme producing volatile Beta-farnesene which repels aphids and attracts aphid predators

Question 12

Drought tolerance in maize

Answer 12

Monsanto droughtgurard gm maize hybrids–used in USA and donated to African countries

Question 13

Performance Plants

Answer 13

company in Kingston Ontario

Question 14

YPT

Answer 14

Yield Protection Technology; Performance Plants product; guard cells extra sensitive to ABA, drought tolerant, increased yields, performs just as well in non drought conditions, YPTcorn YPTcotton YPTcanola

Question 15

Molecular farming

Answer 15

plants as factories; production of an unusual product; plastics, vaccines, antibodies, pharmaceuticals, nutriceuticals,

Question 16

benefits of growing pharmaceuticals in plants

Answer 16

need sunlight, soil, fertilizer, no worries about human pathogens, reduced cost

Question 17

Plant-derived vaccines

Answer 17

formerly called edible vaccines; inexpensive, easy to administer, easy to store

Question 18

traditional injected vaccines

Answer 18

expensive, requires needles and nurses, requires vaccine storage

Question 19

Herceptin

Answer 19

grown in tobacco; used for breast cancer patients

Question 20

plants as an accelerated vaccine manufacturing solution

Answer 20

agrobacterium with flu antigen infiltrated Ito nicotiana benthamiana leaves
purify virus like particles from plant leaves

Question 21

golden rice

Answer 21

increased Beta-carotenoid concentration

Question 22

nutriceuticals

Answer 22

enhanced nutritional value; tomatoes with high levels of anthocyanin which provide protection against inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease etc.; mustard with omega-3 fatty acids reduces dependence on fish and overfishing for omega-3

Question 23

enhanced processing properties

Answer 23

arctic apple; doesn’t go brown quickly when cut; reduces food waste;

Question 24

genetic pollution

Answer 24

transfer of transgene to other plants; super crop weeds; canola in western canada resistant to 3 different herbicides due to cross pollination, now it can’t be killed when rotating crops;

Question 25

solutions to genetic pollution

Answer 25

plant transgene crops in regions with few weedy relatives

use UBC tool to model pollen dispersal by bees

Question 26

creation herbicide resistant weeds

Answer 26

solution; find alternatives to herbicide tolerant crops for weed control; develop new herbicides; use stacked herbicide genes and alternate herbicides annual

Question 27

apomixis

Answer 27

asexual reproduction of plants without pollen so that genetic pollution doesn’t occur

Question 28

chloroplast transgene

Answer 28

chloroplast genome is inherited maternally so if the transgene is placed in its genome it won’t be passed to another plant through pollen DNA

Question 29

Seterile Seeds

Answer 29

protects patent rights because farmers can’t collect seeds from their crops,

Question 30

male sterile plants

Answer 30

tapetum barnase degrades tapetum RNA killing the cell and preventing pollen from forming which stops genetic pollution. downside is you can’t collect seeds from the plant so to produce future hybrids you have to cross it with a male fertile plant

Question 31

gm flax seed contaminate conventional seeds

Answer 31

contamination occurred in 2010, Europe won’t buy GM seeds though and they buy 70% of Canadas flax seed. a gm version was created in 1990 but it was destroyed because we knew it wouldn’t sell in the European market so the source of contamination is unknown

Question 32

starlink corn contamintation

Answer 32

2000, us human corn food supply contaminated with Bt animal feed corn which is slower to digest in humans and was not approved for human consumption.