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Bio 2D03 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

glyphosate

A

member of a class of herbicides that inhibit amino acid biosynthesis

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2
Q

Bt

A

Bacillus thuringiensis; spore forming bacterium which kills insects

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3
Q

bt-expressing crops

A

insect resistant crops which produce Bt proteins

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4
Q

what is the most widely grown Bt crop?

A

transgenic cotton; defends against tobacco budworm and cotton bollworm

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5
Q

what does Bt-crops reduce the need for

A

insecticide use in agriculture

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6
Q

what is the danger of a diet based on rice

A

vitamin A deficiency

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7
Q

Beta-carotene transgenic rice

A

produces increased levels of beta-carotene in the endosperm providing a means of preventing Vitamin A deficiency in humans; 3 genes must be transferred to make this transgenic crop

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8
Q

ISAAA

A

international service for acquisition of agri-biotech applications; agency that produced 2016 report on biotech information with the goal of sharing info globally to allow countries to have better access to biotech and grow better crops

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9
Q

1st gen biotech crops

A

1996-2016; single trait; herbicide tolerance, disease and insect resistance; 4 major crops: soybean, cotton, corn, canola

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10
Q

2nd gen biotech crops

A

2013-2016; double trait; stacked traits; insect resistance AND herbicide tolerance

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11
Q

3rd gen biotech crops

A

2017-; tolerance to climate and abiotic stressors; enhanced nutritional quality for humans and livestock; reducing food waste; eg. drought tolerant corn; ex. tomatoes traditionally selected for how they look but they have lost nutrients and flavour; now adding back nutrients lost over generation

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12
Q

1996-2016 biotech trends

A

shirt from first gen to second gen crops; 2014 noticed a shift from herbicide or insect resistant crops to stacked trait crops with both; use in developing nations surpassed developed nations in 2010

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13
Q

biotech crops common in Canada

A

herbicide resistant canola
herbicide resistant soybeans
herbicide resistant sugar beet
Bt & herbicide resistant corn

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14
Q

biotech crops in USA

A

same as canada plus Bt cotton and virus resistant Papaya

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15
Q

HR crops

A

Herbicide Resistant; conventionally you need to spray whole field before seeding, now you can let crop grow then spray only where there are weeds because crop will be safe.

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16
Q

conventional herbicide practice

A

till field, spray field with herbicide, seed

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17
Q

benefits of HR crops

A

reduced tilling, reduced erosion, reduced water loss, reduced herbicide use, reduced greenhouse gas emissions

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18
Q

bt corn

A

different bt proteins protect corn from various species of borer or rootworm, highly specific for particular pests; grown in Ontario and Quebec;

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19
Q

how much has bt corn increased farm income

A

5 fold since 1997 due to savings from reduced pesticide use and increased yield

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20
Q

how much has bt corn reduced pesticide use

A

25,000kg/year

21
Q

SmartStax corn

A

2 herbicide resistance genes, 3 Bt genes for aboveground insects, 3 Bt genes for below ground insects; 8 transgenes total

22
Q

benefit of smatstax corn

A

multiple mechanisms of insect resistance reduces likelihood of insects developing resistance which prolongs the arms race between plant resistance and insect

23
Q

what increase in yield has smarstax corn resulted in

A

8.7bushel/acre increase in Ontario and Quebec

24
Q

ethical considerations of GM crops

A

some claim gene transfer among organisms is unethical because humans should not alter organisms in such profound ways violating nature; opposite view is that traditional breeding has the same effect

25
Q

environmental considerations of GM crops

A

unlikely that transgenic crops will become weeds because the gene alteration is relatively small; slight potential for transgenes to be transferred to wild relatives through interbreeding; herbicide use will eventually select for resistant weeds; pests will eventually become resistant to gm plants

26
Q

environmental solutions for environmental issues of GM crops

A

reduce outcrossing of crop with week relatives; integrate weed management by alternating herbicide used and ploughing fields periodically to reduce weed pressure

27
Q

Refuges

A

non Bt-plants where susceptible insects can survive to mate with resistant insects reducing the number of resistant insects

28
Q

pest resistance in US corn belt

A

2012 problems with corn root worms becoming resistant to Bt corn; vast land area of mono crop corn; same Bt corn used every year with limited refuges producing perfect conditions for selecting resistant root worms

29
Q

Bt crops effect on non target organisms

A

kill insects which are prey for many animals and insects. however Bt toxin degrades rapidly in soil, and is specific to certain organisms unlike many pesticides

30
Q

why won’t transgenes be transferred to humans

A

stomach acid breaks down food into amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, sugars

31
Q

could a new gene product be an allergen

A

unlikely, but genome sequencing could be used on new crops to screen for allergen indicators; to date an allergic reaction has not been linked to gm foods

32
Q

anti-corporate arguments for GM crops

A

argument that corporations aren’t interested in human health just profit, but if not for their profit they would not have finances to invest in R&D to make new products that will benefit human health

33
Q

IPM

A

integrated pest management system; crop rotations (plant crop resistant to pathogens of previous crop, plant legumes to restore soil fertility), scout for pests and apply pesticide where needed, use of natural predator insects, green manure

34
Q

intellectual property rights, patenting of genes

A

DNA is a chemical, chemicals can be patented; without patents, companies would not invest in R&D and no products would be developed outside of universities

35
Q

can genes be patented In canada

A

genes can still be patented, this is being challenged in a federal court, manipulation of genes to improve an organism can also be patented

36
Q

are GMOs allowed in Europe

A

only 3 European countries allow GMOs; difficult to get approval

37
Q

how are GMOs regulated in Canada

A

1993 Federal Framework for regulating Biotech products; plants with new traits assessed regardless of breeding or transgenetics used to develop them

38
Q

Process of getting a crop approved in canada

A
  1. testing crops with novel traits before commercialization–laboratory or greenhouse research–fieldtrials
    2 safety assessment and risk management–decisions made by Agriculture Canada–if approved, confined field trials are done–monitoring done for years to ensure safety
  2. unconfined field trials–receives health canada approval for food/feed use
  3. commercialization
39
Q

cost of creating a new transgenic crop in N. America

A

high value traits like HR corn 35-136million USD to meet biotech regulations which prevents small companies from entering the biotech industry
low value traits in developing nations 2million USD

40
Q

GM crop benefits

A

increased productivity; reduced cost of production; reduced environmental impact; enhanced farm level economic gain; (less ploughing, fewer pesticides and herbicides, less labour, all result in reduced cost, environmental impact and increased profit.)

41
Q

how do GM crops reduce CO2 emissions

A

reduced tilling and herbicide sprays

42
Q

EIQ

A

Environmental impact quotient; environmental impact=toxicity*potential for exposure; EIQ can be done for farmer, picker, consumer, environment, only considers toxicity

43
Q

what do GM crops do to EIQ

A

reduce the EIQ due to lower insecticide and herbicide use

44
Q

how do GM crops affect land use

A

reduction in land use due to increased productivity and yield per hectare

45
Q

FAO-OECD Outlook Report 2010

A

Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; compared crop production in EU and GM producing countries over several years and predicted 4% increase in European productivity and 15-40% increase in GM countries between 2010-2019

46
Q

organic farming

A

natural fertilizers; risk for contamination with human pathogens; no synthetic -icides; no GM seeds, IPM used;

47
Q

Conventional/Gm farming

A

synthetic&natural fertilizers; less human pathogen contamination issues; synthetic pesticides are more targeted; use GM seeds; higher average yields

48
Q

conventional/molecular breeding

A

limited to exchanges between closely related plants; small chance of obtaining a gene, millions of crosses done and screening of crosses; undesirable genes transferred 7-12years to obtain crop

49
Q

genetic engineering

A

direct transfer of 1+gene between close or distantly related species; 2-5 years to obtain crop

Bio 2D03 (10 decks)

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