Lecture 9 - 2.0

Question 1

What is a Contractile Muscle:

Answer 1

Collection of modified cells that can generate force along the long axis of their fibers

Question 2

Why are Muscle Cells Responsive to Nervous Stimulation:

Answer 2

Because they are electrically excitable

Question 3

Secondary Functions of Muscles are:

Answer 3

• Muscles can generate heat through shivering
• Generate electric shocks (eels) or electric fields upon stimulation (weakly electric fishes)

Question 4

3 Different Classification of Muscles:

Answer 4

1. Location
2. Nervous control
3. Microscopic

Question 5

Different Locations of Muscles (2):

Answer 5

1. Somatic (skeletal)
2. Visceral (gut)

Question 6

Methods of Nervous Control for Muscles (2):

Answer 6

1. Voluntary
2. Involuntary

Question 7

Microscopic Appearance of Muscles (2):

Answer 7

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac or smooth

Question 8

Microscopic Classification of Muscles (3):

Answer 8

1. Smooth
2. Skeletal
3. Cardiac

Question 9

Where are Smooth Muscles Found?

Answer 9

Muscles of blood vessels and many visceral organs

Question 10

Where are Skeletal Muscles Found:

Answer 10

Associated with the skeleton

Question 11

Where are Cardiac Muscles Found:

Answer 11

Muscle of the Heart wall

Question 12

Embryonic Origin of Muscles (Different Types) (3):

Answer 12

1. Somites (or epimere)
2. Hypomere - Heart and gut muscles
3. Mesenchyme - various

Question 13

Types of Somite (or epimere) Muscles (3):

Answer 13

1. Dermatome - skin
2. Myotome - skeletal muscle
3. Scerotome - parts of the skeleton

Question 14

Actions of Muscles (Flexors/Extensors):

Answer 14

Bend/straighten a limb

Question 15

Actions of Muscles (Abductors/Adductors):

Answer 15

Draw a limb away or toward the midline of the body

Question 16

Actions of Muscles (Pronators/supinators):

Answer 16

Turn palm or sole down/up

Question 17

Actions of Muscles (Constrictors/dilators):

Answer 17

Close/open orifices (sphincters)

Question 18

Actions of Muscles (Protractors/Retractors):

Answer 18

Moving the body forward/backward on a plane parallel to the ground

Question 19

Skeleton-Muscle Relationship (Tendons):

Answer 19

Skeletal muscle attached to bones

Question 20

Skeleton-Muscle Relationship (Ligaments):

Answer 20

Bones attached to other bones

Question 21

Do Muscles Work Opposite to each other:

Answer 21

Yes, in order to achieve a movement

Question 22

Major Muscle Groups (3):

Answer 22

1. Postcranial muscles
2. Cranial muscles
3. Muscles of the heart of gut

Question 23

Postcranial Muscles (Trunk (axial) musculature):

Answer 23

Body wall, divided into epaxial and hypaxial

Question 24

Postcranial Muscles (Appendicular musculature):

Answer 24

Fins and limbs

Question 25

Cranial Muscles (Branchiomeric Muscles):

Answer 25

Jaw and pharynx muscles derived from somitomeres (innervated by cranial nerves)

Question 26

Cranial Muscles (Hypobranchial Muscles):

Answer 26

Jaw and pharynx muscles derived from cervical somites (innervated by spinal nerves)