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ZOO 2090 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Urogenital System (2 components):

A
  1. Excretory system
  2. Reproductive system
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2
Q

Urogenital System (Excretory System) (3):

A
  1. Removes nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, urea, or uric acid) and other harmful substances
  2. Controls osmosid to achieve water and salt balance
  3. Organs involved: kidneys, gills, skin, part of the digestive system, salt glands
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3
Q

Urogenital System (Reproductive System) (2):

A
  1. Produce and release gametes, bring them together, provide nourishment to young
  2. Organs involved: gonads, dict, cloaca, copulatory organs
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4
Q

Developmental Origin of Kidneys (General) (3):

A
  1. Development moves in sequence from anterior to posterior in three secretions with breaks in between them
  2. More anterior regions usually degenerate as posterior regions become functional
  3. More posterior break may not form so that two instead of three pairs of kidneys are formed in sequence
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5
Q

Pronephors General (5):

A
  • Segmented, usually first 4 segments
  • Drained by pronepgric duct
  • Appears in all vertebrates (rudimentary form), but degenerated quickly
  • Functional in fiah larvae, adult hagfish and some teleosts
  • In most teleosts degenerates into ‘head kidney’
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6
Q

Opisthonephros/Mesonephros General (4):

A
  1. Reduced segmentation
  2. Drained by opisthonephric or mesonephric duct
  3. In late larval and adult anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), all or most of the mesomere posterior to pronephros forms one kidney (opisthonephros)
  4. Among amniotes, the middle part of the nephrogenic cord, the mesonephros, develops first, is present in fetuses, and then degenerates
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7
Q

Metanephros Overview (5):

A
  1. Never segmented
  2. Kidney of adult amniotes
  3. Most posterior part of nephrogenic cord that replaces mesonephros in development
  4. Old mesonephric duct degenerates in female but persists in males to carry sperm –> vas deferens
  5. Metanephric kidney is drained by a new duct (ureter)
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8
Q

Nephron Components:

A
  1. Renal corpiscle
  2. Nephric (renal) tubule
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9
Q

Functional Units of the Kidney - Nephron (2):

A
  1. Glomerulus = cluster of capillaries (externall or internal)
  2. Renal or Bowman’s capsule = cup-like sack that collects nitrogenous waste
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10
Q

Variations in Kidney Structure:

A

Kidney structure across vertebrates depends on the osmoregularatory challenges of different environments and the type of nitrogenous waste produced

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11
Q

Variations in Kidney Structure - Terrestrial Environmental Challenges:

A

Water loss through skin and lungs –> dehydrating environment

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12
Q

Variations in Kidney Structure - Freshwater Environmental Challenges:

A

Water uptake, salt loss through skin and gills

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13
Q

Variations in Kidney Structure - Saltwater Environmental Challenges:

A

water loss, salt uptake through skin and gills

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14
Q

Gonads (General):

A
  • Develop from two sources in the embryo
  • Mesomere genital ridges: become supporting tissues of gonads
  • Primordial germ cells - become gametes, arise from endoderm and migrate to genital ridge early in development
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15
Q

Principle Urogenital Ducts (4):

A
  1. Nephric ducts (pro, meso, opistho)
  2. Muellerian ducts
  3. Ureter
  4. Accessory ducts
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16
Q

Do Cyclostomes Have Sexual Ducts?

A
  • No
  • Eggs and sperm released directly into coelom (body cavity) and exit into cloaca by way of genital pores
17
Q

Variations of the duct system among groups are the results of:

A

The retention, loss of modification of the fetal structures

18
Q

Male Ducts - Sharks and Amphibians (2):

A
  • Nephric ducts (vas deferens) carry sperm
  • Accessory urinary duct carries waste
19
Q

Male Ducts - Teleosts:

A
  • Nephric ducts (opisthonephric duct) carry waste
  • Testicular duct carries sperm
20
Q

Male Ducts - Amniotes:

A
  • Nephric ducts (vas deferens) cary sperm, ureter carries waste
21
Q

Female Ducts - Sharks and Amphibians:

A
  • Opisthonephric ducts carry waste
  • Oviduct (Mullerian) carries ova
22
Q

Female Ducts - Teleosts:

A
  • Opisthonephric ducts carry waste
  • ovarian duct (ovarian folding) carries ova
23
Q

Female Ducts - Amniotes:

A
  • Ureter carries waste
  • Oviduct (Muellerian) carries ova
24
Q

Reproductive Strategies of Vertebrates - Different Types (3):

A
  1. Oviparity
  2. Ovovivparity
  3. Viviparity
25
Q

Reproductive Strategies of Vertebrates - Oviparity:

A

Eggs laid with little or no maternal development

26
Q

Reproductive Strategies of Vertebrates - Ovovivparity:

A

Embryos develop inside eggs within mother

27
Q

Reproductive Strategies of Vertebrates - Viviparity:

A

Development of live embryo inside mother

28
Q

Shark / Chondrichthyan Reproductive Strategies (female and males (4):

A
  1. Fertilization generally internal
  2. Male specializations - pelvic fin specialized into claspers (inserted into female during copulation; sperm runs down groove into female cloaca)
  3. Femal Specializations - nidamental (shell) gland responsible for sperm storage, oocyte fertilization and egg formation
  4. Some oviparous (lay an egg capsule called a mermaid’s purse), some ovovivparous (eggs develop internally, give birth to live young)
29
Q

Teleost Reproductive Strategies:

A
  • fertilization generally external (broadcast spawners)
  • Male specializations –> in the few species where fertilization is internal, the male anal fin is specialized into a gonopodium (grooved intromittent organ)
    Female specializations –> ovaries often fuse or only one is functional (or fails to develop)
30
Q

Amphibian Reproductive Strategies:

A
  • External fertilization, internal in some salamanders via spermatophores
  • males specializations –> many male frogs have modifications for amplexus (grasping female during courtship) such as enlarged toe pads; tailed frogs possess tail-like extension of the cloaca for internal sperm transfer
  • Femals specializations –> some female salamanders have a spermatheca to store sperm
31
Q

Reptile Reproductive Strategies:

A
  • Fertilization is internal via cloacal contact or intromittent organ (penis or hemipenes)
  • Eggs typically laid on land, sex of embryos often dependent on environment temp
  • Male specializations –> turtles and crocodiles possess hemipenes (in both cases, can be retracted into the body by muscles)
  • Female specializations –> females of some species are parthenogenic
32
Q

Avain Reproductive Strategies:

A
  • Fertilization is internal via cloacal contact, rarely through intomittent organ (penis) (oviparous)
  • Reproductive organs for both sexes decrease in size dramatically outside breeding season (adaptation for flight)
  • Male specializations –> some species display cloacal (penile) swelling, others have elaborate spiraled penis
  • Female specializations –> many possess sprem storage tubules for delayed fertilization; typically have a single ovary; shell gland for eggshell formation
33
Q

Reproductive strategies - Placental Mammals:

A
  • Fertilization is internal (placental viviparity)
  • Male specializations –> baculum (penis bone) present in most placental mammals; penis compared of erectile tissue (blood sinusoids) separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae)
  • Female specializations –> absence of epipubic bone allows expansion of abdomen during pregnancy; pelvis widening to allow birth; duplex (two separate), bipartite (two fused at cervix), bicornuate (two fused) or simplex (single) uterus for development of fetus along with placenta

ZOO 2090 (17 decks)

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