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ZOO 2090 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive System (General): (3)

A
  1. Receiving, storing, breaking down (physically and chemically) food
  2. Absorbing nutrients and water from food
  3. Stroing and discharging wastes
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2
Q

Digestive Systems Components:

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Tubular parts
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3
Q

What are the Tubular parts (3):

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Intestines
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4
Q

Digestive Systems (Accessory organs and glands) (5):

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Teeth
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Pancreas
  5. Liver
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5
Q

Evolution of the Vertebrate Mouth

A
  • Starts with cilia-mucus filter feeding
  • Then muscular pump suspension feeding
  • Finally jaws for predatory feeding
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6
Q

Teeth Overview:

A
  • Derived from bony dermal armor of placeoderms (pre-teeth); similar structure to placoid scales
  • Composed of dentin, covered by a crown of enamel
  • Used for feeding (ingestion/physical digestion) and defense
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7
Q

Attachment Types of Teeth (3):

A
  1. Acrodont dentition
  2. Pleurodont dentition
  3. Thecodont dentition
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8
Q

Attachment Types of Teeth (Acrodont dentition):

A

Teeth attached to the outer surface or to the summit of the jawbone (many teleosts)

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9
Q

Attachment Types of Teeth (Pleurodont dentition):

A

Attached to the inner side of the jawbone (anurans, salamanders, many lizards)

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10
Q

Attachment Types of Teeth (Thecodont dentition):

A

Teeth occupy bone sockets or aveoli (some fishes, crocodilians, fossil birds, mammals)

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11
Q

Tooth Variation:

A
  • Homodont –> teeth all the same siza and shape
  • Heterodont –> teeth vary morphologically
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12
Q

Mammalian Teeth:

A
  • Heyerodont dentition with species-specific number of teeth
  • Evolved along with ability to chew
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13
Q

Oral (Salivary) Glands:

A
  • Multicellular glands with ducts
    which are only found in tetrapods and not fishes
  • Primary function = moisten food for lubrication
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14
Q

Oral (Salivary) Glands - Specialized functions (4):

A
  1. Allows tongue to be sticky to assist prey capture (frogs and anteaters)
  2. Allows start of starch digestion (some mammals)
  3. Modified into venom glands (some snakes/lizards)
  4. Salt excretion near orbits (marine reptiles and birds)
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15
Q

Stomach Overview:

A
  • Muscular chamber that begins at the end of the esophagus and terminated at the pylorus (opening surrounded by the pyloric sphincter)
  • Contains gastric glands that produce hydrochloric acid
  • May have evolved as a storage sac
  • Digestive function involves chemically breaking down food (little absorption)
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16
Q

Stomach Specializations in Birds and Crocodiles - Modified into 2 parts:

A
  • Glandular proventriculus (secretes digestive enzymes)
  • Muscular gizzard (through horny layer for grinding and mixing for with gastric secretions; sometimes contains little stones swallowed by bird
17
Q

Stomach Specializations in Ruminant Mammals - 4 Compartments:

A
  1. Rumen: stores and churns; residence for bacteria which produce cellulase to breakdown cellulose (no vertebrates can produce the enzyme themselves)
  2. Reticulum: receives food from rumen and forms cud, regurgitates for further chews (ruminations)
  3. Omassum: temporary holding site
  4. Abomasum: only place with gastric gland
18
Q

Intestines Overview:

A
  • Differentiation into small and large intestine (based on function not always sizel)
  • Small intestine - is chief site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • Large intestine - mostly recovers water, but can be used for fermentation
  • Major digestive glands (pancreas, liver) empty their products into the first part of small intestine (duodenum)
19
Q

Carnivor Intestines:

A

Have shorter, relatively unspecialized guts

20
Q

Herbivore Intestines:

A

have long guts with intestinal specializations that promote fermentation (chemical breakdown by microorganisms)

21
Q

Structure of the Gut Wall - Four Layers:

A
  1. Serosa: connective tissue and mesentery
  2. Muscularis externa: two layers of smooth muscle
  3. Submucosa: connective tissue, autonomic nerves
  4. Mucosa: epithelial lining, smooth muscle fibers, connective tissue
22
Q

Strategies for Increased Surface Area – 1. Caeca (2):

A
  • Bind-ended extensions of the gut, can come out in various places
  • Function in digestion/absorption in fishes, fermentation in mammals
23
Q

Strategies for Increased Surface Area – 2. Spiral Valve (2):

A
  • ‘Auger-shaped’ structure of the intestinal tract in chodrichthyans and lungfishes
  • Forces passing food through a spiral route, increasing path length
24
Q

Strategies for Increased Surface Area – 3. Foldings

A

Larger surface area is achieved by coils of the canal, folds, villi and microvilli on the internal surface

ZOO 2090 (17 decks)

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