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Radiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

FMX with 4 Vertical Bitewing Images
Used if

A

patients are missing 3a molars and/or premolars

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2
Q

FMX with 6 Vertical Bitewing Images
Used if

A

patients have all posterior teeth including fully erupted 3rd molars

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3
Q

What how many vertical BW images with an FMX would be prescribed for a patient without 3rd molars? What should be seen in the molar vertical BW?

A
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4
Q

What how many vertical BW images with an FMX would be prescribed for a patient without 3rd molars? What should be seen in the premolar vertical BW?

A
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5
Q

What how many vertical BW images with an FMX would be prescribed for a patient with 3rd molars? What should be seen in the in the molar vertical BWX?

A
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6
Q

What how many vertical BW images with an FMX would be prescribed for a patient with 3rd molars? What should be seen in the in the premolar vertical BWX?

A
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7
Q

What should be seen in 7 vertical BWX?

A
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8
Q

What should be seen in 9 vertical BWX?

A
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Vertical Bite-Wing technique?

A

It is used to examine the level of alveolar bone in addition to detecting caries, particularly when a horizontal bite-wing cannot adequately display the amount of bone loss.

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10
Q

Why might a vertical bite-wing or periapical image be preferred?

A

These techniques are necessary for a thorough diagnostic evaluation of extensive periodontal conditions to show the amount of bone loss.

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11
Q

How should the receptor be placed during a Vertical Bite-Wing procedure?

A

The receptor should be placed in a vertical direction.

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12
Q

What are some challenges associated with the Vertical Bite-Wing technique?

A

It is technique-sensitive and can be less comfortable for patients.

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13
Q

What receptor sizes are primarily used for Vertical Bite-Wings?

A

Sizes 1 and 2 are mainly used.

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14
Q

What are the possible configurations for a Vertical Bite-Wing prescription?

A

FMX with VBW

7 or 9 VBW images depending on the presence of third molars.

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15
Q

What is a modified CMS/FMX using VBW images?

A

It is a set of 7 projections (3 anterior and 4 posterior) to cover anterior and posterior areas.

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16
Q

What receptor sizes are used for VBW prescriptions?

A

Size 2 for all exposures.

A combination of size 1 (anterior teeth) and size 2 (posterior teeth) can also be used.

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17
Q

What considerations should be made when using bite-wing tabs for anterior regions?

A

A longer tab may be necessary to allow the patient to close completely on the tab in an end-to-end occlusal relationship.

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18
Q

What should be visible on premolar (PM) bite-wings?

A

The front edge should be in the middle of the lower mandibular canine.

Premolars should be visible, the occlusal plane should be parallel to the bottom edge of the receptor, with correct horizontal and vertical angulation (+10 degrees) and no cone-cuts.

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19
Q

What should be visible on molar (M) bite-wings?

A

The front edge should be in the middle of the lower mandibular second premolar.

Molars should be visible, the occlusal plane should be parallel to the receptor’s bottom edge, with correct horizontal and vertical angulations (+10 degrees) and no cone-cuts.

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20
Q

How many images are typically used in a VBW series if third molars and/or premolars are missing?

A

A 7-image series is used.

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21
Q

What are the specifications for molar and premolar VBW images?

A

Molar VBW: Should include all first and second molars or crowns of the most distal tooth present.

Premolar VBW: Should include the distal third of the mandibular canine, both premolars, and the mesial of the first molar.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of lateral and central canine VBW images?

A

They ensure accurate contact visualization between the lateral and canine teeth or between centrals (#8 and #9) in the anterior regions.

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23
Q

Where should the receptor for vertical BWX be centered in the anterior interproximal area?

A

The receptor should be centered vertically at the midline.

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24
Q

How can the patient stabilize the receptor during vertical BWX exposure?

A

The patient can stabilize the receptor by gently closing on the tab at the incisal edges of the teeth.

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25
Q

What is the positioning of the teeth on the bite tab for vertical BWX?

A

The teeth should meet the tab in the end-to-end position.

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26
Q

What vertical angulation is suggested when using film or PSP sensors for vertical BWX?

A

A vertical angulation of +10 degrees toward the center of the receptor is suggested.

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27
Q

How to ensure correct horizontal angulation during vertical BWX?

A

The x-ray beam is directed through the interproximal spaces.

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28
Q

What does the vertical bite-wing image display?

A

It shows the vertical bite-wing image of the right canine area.

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29
Q

What does receptor placement involve for the vertical BWX?

A

Covering the prescribed teeth.

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30
Q

How should the receptor be positioned relative to the teeth for vertical BWX?

A

The receptor should be placed parallel to the teeth and stabilized by the patient biting on the tab or using a Rinn XCP bite-block.

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31
Q

What vertical angulation is required for the tabs for vertical BWX?

A

A vertical angulation of +10 degrees if using film or PSP sensors.

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32
Q

How is the horizontal angulation set for the bite-wing technique vertically BWX?

A

The central ray (CR) is directed through the contacts of the teeth.

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33
Q

What is crucial for receptor exposure for vertical BWX?

A

The CR should be centered on the receptor.

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34
Q

What conditions may require modifications in the Vertical bite-wing technique?

A

Conditions such as extracted teeth, edentulous spaces, or bony growths.

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35
Q

What is a common issue to check for when taking vertical bite-wing images?

A

Check for cone-cuts.

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36
Q

How should the patient close their mouth during vertical BWX imaging?

A

Instruct patients to slowly close their mouth.

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37
Q

What should stabilize the bite tabs during BWX?

A

The teeth, not the lips, should stabilize the bite tabs.

38
Q

What is an occlusal examination?

A

An occlusal examination is a type of intraoral radiographic examination used to inspect large areas of the maxilla or the mandible on one image.

39
Q

What is the purpose of the occlusal technique?

A

The occlusal technique is a method used to expose a receptor during an occlusal examination. The patient bites or “occludes” on the entire receptor.

40
Q

What receptor size is used for adults in an occlusal examination?

A

A size 4 receptor, which is the largest size of intraoral receptors measuring 3x2.25 inches, is used for adults.

41
Q

What receptor size is typically used for children with primary dentition?

A

A size 2 receptor is typically used for children with primary dentition during an occlusal examination.

42
Q

When is an occlusal examination indicated?

A

When large areas of the maxilla or the mandible must be visualized.
When the area of interest is larger than what a periapical receptor can cover.
When the placement of intraoral receptors is too difficult for the patient.

43
Q

What are the specific purposes for occlusal examinations?

A

To locate retained roots of extracted teeth.
To locate supernumerary (extra), unerupted, or impacted teeth.
To locate foreign bodies in the maxilla or the mandible.
To locate salivary stones in the duct of the submandibular gland.
To evaluate the extent of lesions such as cysts, tumors, or malignancies in the maxilla or mandible.
To evaluate the boundaries of the maxillary sinus.
To assess fractures of the maxilla or mandible.
To aid in examining patients who cannot open their mouths more than a few millimeters.
To examine the area of a cleft palate.
To measure changes in the size and shape of the maxilla or mandible.

44
Q

What are the basic principles for placing the receptor in an occlusal technique?

A

The receptor is placed with the tube side facing the arch that is being exposed.

45
Q

Where is the receptor placed in the patient’s mouth?

A

The receptor is placed between the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.

46
Q

How is the receptor stabilized during the procedure?

A

The receptor is stabilized when the patient gently bites on its surface.

47
Q

Why should patients be instructed to bite gently on the receptor?

A

To avoid permanent bite marks on the surface of the sensor.

48
Q

What is the maxillary topographic projection used for?

A

To examine the palate and the anterior teeth of the maxilla.

49
Q

What is the maxillary pediatric occlusal projection used for?

A

To examine the anterior teeth of the maxilla in children 5 years or younger.

50
Q

What is the maxillary lateral (right or left) projection used for?

A

To examine the palatal roots of molar teeth and to locate foreign bodies or lesions in the posterior maxilla.

51
Q

How should the patient be positioned for the maxillary lateral (right or left) projection?

A

The patient should be positioned with the maxillary arch parallel to the floor.

52
Q

How should the receptor be placed for the maxillary lateral projection?

A

A size 4 receptor should be placed with the tube side facing the maxilla and the long edge in a front-to-back direction. It should be inserted as far posteriorly as the oral anatomy permits and shifted to the side of interest (right or left). The long edge of the receptor should extend approximately ½ inch beyond the buccal surfaces of posterior teeth.

53
Q

What instructions should be given to the patient regarding the receptor?

A

The patient should be instructed to bite gently on the receptor and hold it in an end-to-end bite position.

54
Q

How is the PID positioned for the maxillary lateral projection?

A

The PID should be positioned with the central ray directed through the contact areas of interest.

55
Q

What vertical angulation should be used for the maxillary lateral projection?

A

The PID should be positioned at +60 degrees vertical angulation toward the center of the receptor.

56
Q

Where should the top edge of the PID be placed?

A

The top edge of the PID should be positioned above the corner of the patient’s eyebrow.

57
Q

What is the mandibular topographic occlusal projection used for?

A

To examine the anterior teeth of the mandible.

58
Q

What is the mandibular pediatric occlusal projection used for?

A

To examine the anterior teeth of the mandible. It is recommended for use in children 5 years or older.

59
Q

What is the mandibular cross-sectional occlusal projection used for?

A

To examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible. It is also used to locate foreign bodies or salivary stones in the region of the floor of the mouth.

60
Q

How should the patient be positioned for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The patient should be reclined, with the mandibular arch positioned perpendicular to the floor.

61
Q

How should the receptor be placed in the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

A size 4 receptor should be placed with the tube side facing the mandible, and the long edge in a side-to-side direction. The receptor should be inserted as far posteriorly as the oral anatomy permits.

62
Q

What instructions should be given to the patient regarding the receptor for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The patient should be instructed to bite gently on the receptor and hold it in an end-to-end bite position.

63
Q

How should the PID be positioned for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The PID should be positioned with the central ray directed through the midline of the arch toward the center of the receptor.

64
Q

What vertical angulation should be used for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The PID should be positioned at 90 degrees toward the center of the receptor.

65
Q

Where should the PID be placed relative to the patient’s anatomy for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The PID should be placed approximately 1 inch below the patient’s chin.

66
Q

What is the vertical angulation for the maxillary topographic projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the maxillary topographic projection is +65 degrees.

67
Q

What vertical angulation is used for the maxillary lateral (right or left) projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the maxillary lateral projection is +60 degrees.

68
Q

What is the vertical angulation for the maxillary pediatric projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the maxillary pediatric projection is +60 degrees.

69
Q

What is the vertical angulation for the mandibular topographic projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the mandibular topographic projection is -55 degrees.

70
Q

What vertical angulation is used for the mandibular cross-sectional projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the mandibular cross-sectional projection is 90 degrees.

71
Q

What is the vertical angulation for the mandibular pediatric projection?

A

The vertical angulation for the mandibular pediatric projection is -55 degrees.

72
Q

What is a localization technique in dental imaging?

A

A localization technique is a method used to locate the position of a tooth or an object in the jaws.

73
Q

Why is dental imaging considered two-dimensional?

A

Dental imaging is two-dimensional because it depicts objects in superior-inferior and anterior-posterior relationships but does not show the buccal-lingual relationship or the depth of an object.

74
Q

Why might localization techniques be necessary in dentistry?

A

Localization techniques are necessary to establish the buccal-lingual position of structures such as foreign objects or impacted teeth within the jaws.

75
Q

List the objects that can be located using localization techniques.

A

Objects that can be localized include: Foreign bodies, Impacted teeth, Unerupted teeth, Retained roots, Root positions, Salivary stones, Jaw fractures, Broken needles and instruments, Dental restorative materials.

76
Q

How has cone-beam computed tomography impacted localization techniques?

A

Cone-beam computed tomography allows viewing anatomic structures in three dimensions, which has rendered some localization techniques outdated.

77
Q

Why is knowledge of localization techniques still necessary?

A

Knowledge of localization techniques is necessary if three-dimensional digital imaging is not available in the dental practice.

78
Q

What are the two types of localization techniques?

A

The two types of localization techniques are: The buccal object rule and The right-angle technique.

79
Q

What is the buccal object rule used for?

A

The buccal object rule, also known as the SLOB rule (Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal), is used in dental X-rays to determine the location of an object within the mouth, specifically if it is positioned toward the buccal or lingual side of the teeth.

80
Q

What is the method for applying the buccal object rule?

A

Take Two X-rays: First, take two X-rays of the same area but at different angles. Compare the Position: If the object moves in the same direction as the X-ray tube shift, it is on the lingual side. If the object moves in the opposite direction of the tube shift, it is on the buccal side.

81
Q

How does the buccal object rule assist in dental imaging?

A

This rule helps in the three-dimensional localization of objects on two-dimensional X-ray images.

82
Q

How do buccal and lingual objects shift positions in X-rays?

A

When the direction of the X-ray beam is changed: Buccal and lingual objects are superimposed in the original image. If the tube head is shifted mesially, the buccal object moves distally, and the lingual object moves mesially.

83
Q

What does SLOB stand for, and how does it help in dental X-rays?

A

SLOB stands for ‘Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal.’ It helps determine whether an object in a dental X-ray is located toward the tongue or the cheek.

84
Q

Why is the SLOB rule important in dentistry?

A

The SLOB rule provides a simple way to remember and determine the position of objects in the oral cavity using X-rays, ensuring precise diagnostics and treatment planning.

85
Q

What does the SLOB technique stand for in dental radiography?

A

SLOB stands for ‘Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal,’ a technique to determine the position of an object within the oral cavity.

86
Q

How does the SLOB rule apply to the impacted tooth in the example provided?

A

In the example, the position-indicating device (PID) is shifted in a distal direction. The tooth moves in the same direction as the shift of the X-ray tube, indicating the tooth is located lingually.

87
Q

What is the purpose of the Right-Angle Technique in dental radiography?

A

The Right-Angle Technique is used to determine the exact location of an object within the oral cavity using two different X-ray views taken at right angles to each other.

88
Q

What are the steps involved in the Right-Angle Technique?

A

Take the First X-ray: A periapical or bitewing X-ray provides a two-dimensional view of the teeth. Take the Second X-ray: A second X-ray is taken at a right angle to the first. Compare the Two Views: The two X-rays are compared to determine the object’s exact position.

89
Q

What types of objects can be located using the Right-Angle Technique?

A

The technique is commonly used to locate foreign objects, unerupted teeth, and abnormalities that might not be seen on a single X-ray.

90
Q

Why are two views necessary for the Right-Angle Technique?

A

Two views at right angles provide three-dimensional information about the location of an object, allowing for accurate identification of its position within the oral cavity.

Radiology (12 decks)

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