Lecture 11 and 12 Flashcards
Width of the maxilla
Makes up the lower 1/3 of the orbit and extends all the way to the cervical area of the maxillary teeth
What is contained in infra orbital foreman?
Infraorbital nerve and artery
The interior nasal spine is a part of what bone
Maxilla
Foramen
an opening, hole, or passage that allows
the passage of nerves and blood vessels
Fossa (singular) (Fossae: plural)
a shallow depression or hollow in a bone
Process
a projection or outgrowth of bone or tissue
Tubercle
a small, rounded projection or protuberance on a bone
Septum
a partition separating two chambers
Ridge
long, narrow, raised strip or elevation on a bone or tissue
Tuberosity
large, rounded projection or protuberance on a bone
Suture
is a type of joint between the bones of the skull
Maxilla
upper jawbone
Mandible
lower jawbone
Paired compartments of bone located within the maxilla
Maxillary sinus
The maxillary sinuses are located
Located above the maxillary premolar and molar region
Also known as the “Antrum”
• Air filled cavity
Maxillary sinuses
The maxillary sinuses Appears____ on an pano, and is located superior to the
radiolucent; apices of maxillary posterior teeth
Borders that outline and divide the maxillary sinus, this border is next to the apices of the max molars and premolars and is radiopaque on a pano
Floor of the maxillary sinuses
This can occur when the max posterior teeth are extracted. Antrum increases in size and drops down to the alveolar crest
Pneumatization of maxillary sinuses
Also known as the malar bone
The zygoma
Spine
A sharp thornlike projection of bone
Canal
A tubelike passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels
Sinus
A hollow space or cavity or recess in bone
Are fissues radiopaque or radiolucent?
Radiolucent
Mastoid process
Styloid process
EAM
Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Maxillary tuberosity
Infraorbital foramen
Orbit
Incisive foreman
Anterior nasal spine
Nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
Nasal septum
Hard palate
Maxillary sinus
Floor of maxillary sinus
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
Zygomatic arch
(The projection)
Hamulus
Infraorbital ridge
Infraorbital canal
Median palatine suture
Incisive foreman
Condyle
Sigmoid notch
Coronoid process
Mandibular foreman
Lingula
Mandibular canal
Mental foramen
Hyoid bone
Mental ridge
Mental fossa
Inferior border of the mandible
Internal oblique ridge/ mylohyoid ridge
External oblique ridge
The term lingula is derived from Latin lingua meaning____.
tongue
small, tongue-shaped projection of bone
seen adjacent to the
mandibular foramen.
lingula
The external oblique ridge is a
linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the mandible that extends downward and forward from the ramus to the molar region.
The internal oblique ridge is a
linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends downward and forward from the ramus.
The mylohyoid ridge is a
linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends from the third molar region downward and forward toward the apical area of the premolars.
The mandibular canal is a
tubelike passageway through bone that travels within the body or length of the mandible.
The mandibular canal extends from the
mandibular foramen to the mental foramen
The mandibular canal houses
the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels.
IAN, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein.
The mandibular canal appears as a
radiolucent band outlined by two thin radiopaque lines representing the cortical walls of the canal.
The mental ridge is a
linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible that extends from the premolar region to the midline.
The term periodontal literally means
“around a tooth.”
Periodontal disease refers to
a group of diseases that affect the tissues around teeth.
Healthy gingival tissues appear
stippled, pink, and firm.
Unhealthy gingiva may appear
swollen, red, and bleeding, and formation of soft tissue pockets is seen.
On a dental image, unhealthy alveolar crest is
no longer located 1.5 to 2.0 mm apical to the CEJ and no longer appears radiopaque. Instead, the alveolar crest appears indistinct, and bone loss is seen.
“The periapical image is recommended for the evaluation of periodontal disease” meaning
The author is emphasizing that the entire periodontium must be evaluated
Periodontium refers to
tissues that invest and support teeth, such as the gingiva and alveolar bone.
Lamina dura:
the thin, smooth cortical bone of the tooth socket
Alveolar crest:
The alveolar crest appears as a smooth, intact surface between adjacent teeth.
The normal healthy alveolar crest is located
approximately 1.5 to 2.0 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junctions (CEJs) of adjacent teeth
In the anterior regions, the alveolar crest appears
pointed and sharp and is normally very radiopaque
In the posterior regions, the alveolar crest appears
Rounded or flat and parallel to a line between adjacent CEJs
Periodontal ligament space appears ___on a pano
Radiolucent line between the root of the tooth and the laminate dura
Furcation involvment
bone loss in the furcation area-
Furcation
the area between the roots of multirooted teeth —may not be detected on a dental image because of the superimposition of buccal and lingual bone
Localized boss loss percentage
Less than 30
Generalized bone loss percentage
More than 30
Types of bone loss
Vertical and horizontal
Type of bone loss
Vertical
Type of bone loss
Horizontal bone loss
Severities of bone loss
Slight, moderate and severe
the bone loss occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJs of adjacent teeth
Horizontal bone loss
(also known as angular bone loss),
Vertical bone loss
the bone loss does not occur in a plane parallel to the CEJs of adjacent teeth
Vertical bone loss
The severity of bone loss is measured by
the clinical attachment loss (CAL).
The CAL is a measurement of
the distance in millimeters from the CEJ to the base of the sulcus or periodontal pocket; the calibrated periodontal probe measures CAL.
(Note: Clinical conditions, such as recession or gingival overgrowth, must be considered when determining___.)
CAL
1 to 2 mm bone loss
Slight bone loss
3 to 4 mm bone loss
Moderate bone loss
5 mm or greater bone loss
Severe bone loss
Dental images are used in the classification of periodontal disease.
• The updated American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) guidelines classify the amount of radiographic bone loss present to determine the stage of disease. Radiographic bone loss seen in periodontal disease is categorized as follows:
• Stage I Radiographic Bone Loss in the coronal third of the root < 15%.
• Stage II Radiographic Bone Loss in the coronal third of the root from 15% to 33%
• Stage Ill Radiographic Bone Loss extending to the mid-third of the root including vertical bone loss and furcation involvement.
• Stage IV Radiographic Bone Loss extending to the mid-third of the root and beyond including vertical bone loss, furcation involvement, and tooth mobility.
Stage I Radiographic Bone Loss
in the coronal third of the root < 15%.
Stage II Radiographic Bone Loss in the
coronal third of the root from 15% to 33%
Stage Ill Radiographic Bone Loss extending
to the mid-third of the root including vertical bone loss and furcation involvement.
Stage IV Radiographic Bone Loss extending
to the mid-third of the root and beyond including vertical bone loss, furcation involvement, and tooth mobility.
Predisposing Factors for periodontal disease
medications, tobacco use, and various medical conditions
• Other factors
• Calculus
• Defective Restorations
How to calculate RBL
is typically the first sign of periodontal disease.
Inflammation of the gingival tissues
Bone in gingivitis
No bone loss is associated with gingivitis; therefore, no change in bone is seen on the dental image.
the alveolar crest is approximately___ to the CEJ.
1 to 2 mm apical
If untreated, gingival inflammation may progress to
slight or mild periodontitis.
This bone loss is caused by
uneven marginal ridges, open contacts, overhangs, poorly contoured restoration
This bone loss is caused from
Overhang of amalgam restoration
This bone loss is caused by
Calculus
This bone loss is caused by
Poorly contoured stainless steel crown
Small quadrangular bone (cheek bone) composed of dense cortical bone
Zygoma
Zygoma
Maxillary sinus
Pneumatization of maxillary sinus
Floor max sinus
The floor of max sinus is radio__
Radiopaque
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
Coronoid process
Appears diffuse and radiopaque band extending posterior from the zygomatic process of the maxilla (upper jaw)
Zygoma
Bony projection of the maxilla which extends to articulate with the zygomatic bone.
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
Appears as J- or U- shaped radiopaque located superior to the maxillary first molar region
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
A marked prominence of bone on the anterior ramus of the mandible
Coronoid process
Appears as a triangular radiopaque superimposed over the maxillary tuberosity region
Coronoid process
The ONLY mandibular landmark that appear on the maxillary images
Coronoid process
A rounded prominences of bone that extend posterior to the third molar region
Max tuberosity
Appears as a radiopaque bulge distal to the third molar region
Max tuberosity
Max tuberosity
They are a bone projection extending posteriorly from the tuberosity
Lateral pterygoid plate
Appears as a thin wing of radiopaque bone
Lateral pterygoid plate
Small, hook-like projection of bone located posterior to the maxillary tuberosity
Hamulus
Appears as radiopaque hook-like projection posterior of the maxillary tuberosity
Hamulus
Hamulus
Nasal openings (pear-shaped) located above the maxillary anterior teeth
Nasal fossae or cavity
They are divided in the midline into two chambers (right and left)
Nasal fossae
Appear as vertical radiolucent chambers bounded by bones
Nasal fossae
Nasal fossae or cavity
Vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right
and left nasal fossae
• Appears as a vertical radiopaque partition that divides the nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Nasal septum
A sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity
Anterior nasal spine
Appears as V-shape radiopaque partition that divides the nasal cavity
Anterior nasal spine
Anterior nasal spine
Small bone projected into the inferior feature of the nasal fossae
Appear as bilateral radiopaque conchae structure
Inferior nasal conchae
An immovable joint between the two palatine process of the maxilla
Median palatine suture
Appear as a thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors
Median palatine suture
A hole in the bone located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate
Incisive foramen
Appears as a small radiolucent void between the roots of the maxillary central incisors
Incisive foramen
Median palatine suture
Inferior nasal conchae
Incisive foramen
Depression of the bone around the lateral incisor tooth
Lateral fossae
Also known as “Canine
Fossae”
Lateral fossae
Appears radiolucent bilaterally around the lateral incisor
Lateral or canine fossae
Lateral fossae or canine fossae
Inverted “y”
Inverted “y”
Landmark where it divides the crossing of the nasal fossae and the maxillary
sinus
The inverted y appears as
Appears as
radiopaque, upside-down Y and located superior to the maxillary canine
A hole in the bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the premolar region
Mental foramen
Appears as small circular or ovoid radiolucent apical to the mandibular premolars
Mental foramen
What is below or near the apex of the second premolar?
Mental foramen
A linear prominence of bone that is located on the external surface of the body of the mandible
External oblique ridge
Appear as radiopaque band running
externally downward from the ramus
Typically ends around the third molar region
External oblique ridge
EOR
Internal oblique ridge/ mylohyoid ridge
A linear prominence of bone that is located on the internal surface of the mandible and
extends downward and forward of from the ramus
• Appear as radiopaque band running
downward from the ramus
• This may continue as the “mylohyoid ridge”
IOR
• A tube-like passageway through the bone that travels the length of the mandible
• Appear as a radiolucent band and is outlined with radiopaque lines
Mandibular Canal
Appear bellow the apices of the
mandibular molar teeth
Also referred as the inferior alveolar canal
Mandibular canal
Mandibular canal
A depressed or scooped out area of bone that is located on the external surface of the body of the mandible
Submandibular Fossae
Appear as a radiolucent area in the mandible molar region and below the mylohyoid ridge
Submandibular fossae
Submandibular fossae
Inferior border of the mand
It is the inferior part of the mandible
Lower or inferior border of the jaw/ mandible
The inferior border of the mand Appears as
radiopaque band/outline and dense cortical bone demarcating
• Tiny bumps of bone that serves as a muscle attachment site
• Appear as a ring-shaped radiopaque that is located below the apices of the mandibular incisors
Genial Tubercles
Genial Tubercles
• A hole in the bone that is located on the internal surface of the mandible midline
• Appear as a radiolucent dot surrounded by the genial tubercles
Lingual Foramen
Lingual foramen
• A depressed or scooped out area of bone located above the mental ridge
• A radiolucent area located above the mental ridge
Mental fossa
Is the mental fossa and mental ridge external or internal?
External
• A linear prominence of the bone that extends from the premolar region to the midline of the mandible
• Appear as a thick radiopaque band that run through the mandible premolar to incisor area
Mental ridge
Mental ridge
Extra bone growth that appear like tiny hills that are covered with normal tissue
Tori
Tori are Located on the
mandible and
maxilla(palate)
Tori appear as
circular radiopaque areas on the mandible or palate
Sizes and quantities will vary
Torus
Tori
Tori
Cervical burnout
What is in between the contacts of these teeth?
Calculus
What is in between four and five?
Caries
Type of restorations
Amalgam or gold restorations
Amalgam fillings (silver fillings)- mixture of
metals (mercury, silver, copper, tin, and zinc)
Gold fillings are usually
onlay and inlay made with full gold or gold alloys
PFM
Porcelain
Metal crown
Metal crowns can include
Can include gold, silver, titanium, or stainless steel
Completed after endo, Helps hold onto more tooth structure for support
because may have lost internal tooth structure
Post and core/ pin
Post and core/ pin
Gap or space between crown and tooth
Does not sit or fit against smooth tooth surface
Can lead to re-decay
Open crown margin
Open crown margin
Gold filling are usually ___than amalgam
Straighter
Post and core/ pin with pfm crown
Abnormal hardening of the bone
Increases bone density
Is derived by various factors and can be benign or malignant
Bone sclerosis/ condensing osteitis
Dentin is reabsorbed into the tooth canal
The nerves and blood vessels are absorbed
Rare occurrence and may come from trauma or undergoing extensive surgery
Internal resorption
Bone Sclerosis/ Condensing Osteitis
Internal resorption
Root structures resorbs/loss of structure
Derived from many factors
Root resorption
Root resorption
Calcified masses that appear in the pulp
Vary in size and quantity
• Common occurrence with no problems
Pulp Stone
Pulp stone
Calcified or increase amount of calcium in the canal of a tooth
Pulp Sclerosis/ Pulp Obliteration
Pulp Sclerosis/ Pulp Obliteration
Tooth/ Root Fracture
Disturbance in the formation of the tooth
Bend or curve that can be on the crown or root
Dilaceration
Dilaceration
Radiolucent area
Impacted tooth
Rare condition where improper tooth eruption occurs
• Tooth’s root is fused with underlying bone
Submerged/ Ankylosed Tooth
Submerged/ Ankylosed Tooth
Calcified tissue or buildup of cementum at the apex/ apices of the root
Hypercementosis
Hypercementosis
Attrition/wear
