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Radiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of dental imaging examinations?

A

There are two main types: Intraoral Imaging Examinations and Extraoral Imaging Examinations.

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2
Q

What are the types of Intraoral Imaging Examinations?

A

The types include Periapical Examination, Interproximal Examination, and Occlusal Examination.

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3
Q

What is an Extraoral Imaging Examination?

A

Extraoral Imaging Examinations involve receptors placed outside the mouth.

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4
Q

Can you give an example of an Extraoral Imaging Examination?

A

An example is a panoramic image.

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5
Q

What is the complete mouth series (CMS)?

A

The complete mouth series (CMS) is also known as the full mouth series (FMS or FMX) or the complete series.

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6
Q

What does the complete mouth series (CMS) show?

A

It shows all the tooth-bearing areas of both jaws.

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7
Q

What are tooth-bearing areas?

A

Tooth-bearing areas are the regions of the maxilla and the mandible where the 32 teeth of the human dentition are normally located.

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8
Q

What types of areas do tooth-bearing areas include?

A

They include dentulous areas (areas that exhibit teeth) and edentulous areas (areas where teeth are no longer present).

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9
Q

What does the CMS/FMX consist of?

A

The CMS/FMX consists of periapical images alone or a combination of periapical (PA) and bite-wing (BW) images.

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10
Q

How many images are typically included in the CMS?

A

A range of 14 to 20 images may be included in the CMS.

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11
Q

What dictates the receptor size in the CMS?

A

The receptor size is dictated by the technique used.

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12
Q

What is a ‘Full mouth’ series in dental imaging?

A

It shows all tooth-bearing areas.

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13
Q

What areas does a ‘Full mouth’ series include?

A

It includes both dentulous and edentulous areas.

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14
Q

What types of images are included in a ‘Full mouth’ series?

A

It includes a combination of periapical (PAs) and bitewing (BWs) images, or all periapical images.

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15
Q

How many images may be included in a ‘Full mouth’ series?

A

A total of 14 to 20 images may be included.

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16
Q

How many images are required for an edentulous patient in a ‘Full mouth’ series?

A

An edentulous patient requires 14 images.

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17
Q

What is another name for the Bite-Wing Technique?

A

The interproximal technique

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the Bite-Wing Technique?

A

To detect interproximal caries, monitor the progression of dental caries, assess existing restorations, and examine the crestal bone levels between teeth.

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19
Q

What areas does the Bite-Wing Technique include?

A

The crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth, interproximal areas, and areas of crestal bone on the same image.

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20
Q

What does ‘Interproximal’ mean?

A

Between two adjacent surfaces.

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21
Q

What is an ‘Interproximal examination’?

A

Intraoral examination used to inspect the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image.

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22
Q

What is ‘Alveolar bone’?

A

Bone that supports and encases the roots of teeth.

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23
Q

What is ‘Crestal bone’?

A

Coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth; also known as the alveolar crest.

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24
Q

What is a horizontal bite-wing?

A

The bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction.

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25
Q

What are opened contacts in dental imaging?

A

Opened contacts appear as thin radiolucent lines between adjacent tooth surfaces.

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26
Q

What are overlapped contacts in dental imaging?

A

The area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of an adjacent tooth.

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27
Q

What is a vertical bite-wing?

A

The bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction.

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28
Q

What size receptors are usually used for BWX?

A

Size 0 Receptor
• Used with primary dentition
• Always placed horizontally
Size 2 Receptor
• Used in adults
• Placed horizontally or vertically
Size 3 Receptor
• Used in adults
• Always placed horizontally
• Not recommended

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29
Q

Why is size 3 not recommended for dental imaging?

A

Size 3 is not recommended because overlapped contacts often result due to the difference in curvature between the premolar and molar areas.

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30
Q

What is a challenge with using size 3 receptors in adult patients?

A

It is very difficult to open all posterior contacts with one exposure when using a size 3 receptor.

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31
Q

How does size 3 affect visibility of crestal bone areas?

A

The crestal bone areas may not be adequately seen on dental images of patients with bone loss due to the narrow dimension of the size 3 receptor.

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32
Q

What does angulation refer to in x-ray imaging?

A

Angulation describes the alignment of the central ray of the x-ray beam in both horizontal and vertical planes.

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33
Q

What is the goal of angulation in BWX imaging?

A

The goal is to open contacts and capture bone levels.

34
Q

What are the two types of angulation in x-ray imaging?

A

The two types are horizontal angulation and vertical angulation.

35
Q

What is horizontal angulation?

A

The positioning of the central ray in a horizontal, or side-to-side, plane.

36
Q

Which techniques use the principles of horizontal angulation?

A

The bite-wing, paralleling, and bisecting techniques all use the same principles of horizontal angulation.

37
Q

What is the correct direction for the central ray in horizontal angulation?

A

The central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas of teeth.

38
Q

What is positive vertical angulation?

A

Above the occlusal plane, central ray directed downward

39
Q

What is negative vertical angulation?

A

Below the occlusal plane, central ray directed upward

40
Q

A ____degree vertical angulation is used with the bite wing technique when using tabs, film and PSP to ensure that the X-ray beam aligns properly with the anatomy of the teeth.

A

10+

41
Q

What is the first step in the Bite-Wing Technique?

A

Receptor Placement: Cover prescribed teeth.

42
Q

What is the receptor position for the Bite-Wing Technique?

A

Parallel to the buccal surfaces of primary target teeth; stabilized by patient biting on tab or RINN XCP bite-block

43
Q

What is the vertical angulation for tabs when using film or PSP sensors?

A

+10 degrees.

44
Q

What is the horizontal angulation in the Bite-Wing Technique?

A

CR directed through contacts.

45
Q

What is the receptor exposure step?

A

CR centered on receptor.

46
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

This picture demonstrates how to visualize where to place the receptor parallel to the buccal surfaces of the teeth

47
Q

What is the first step in the premolar Bite-Wing Checklist?

A

Front edge in middle of lower mandibular canine

48
Q

What should be visible in a premolar Bite-Wing radiograph?

A

Premolars visible

49
Q

Where should the occlusal plane be positioned in relation to the receptor?

A

Occlusal plane in middle of receptor

50
Q

How should the occlusal plane be aligned with the receptor?

A

Occlusal plane parallel with bottom receptor edge

51
Q

What indicates correct horizontal angulation in a premolar Bite-Wing radiograph?

A

Open premolar contacts

52
Q

What is the correct vertical angulation for a Bite-Wing radiograph?

A

Correct vertical angulation of +10 degrees

53
Q

What should be avoided in a Bite-Wing radiograph when it comes to the cone?

A

No cone-cuts

54
Q

How does overlapping happen?

A

Overlapping happens when X-rays are not properly directed through the interproximal
spaces or structures.

55
Q

How does cone cut happen?

A

The tube head is not aligned properly with the Beam alignment device and the
receptor

56
Q

What are the two types of cone cut?

A

Rectangular and circular

57
Q

Where should the front edge be positioned in a Molar Bite-Wing?

A

In the middle of the lower mandibular 2nd premolar.

58
Q

What should be visible in a Molar Bite-Wing?

A

Molars.

59
Q

Where should the occlusal plane be positioned in relation to the receptor?

A

In the middle of the receptor.

60
Q

How should the occlusal plane be oriented with respect to the bottom edge of the receptor?

A

Parallel with the bottom receptor edge.

61
Q

What indicates correct horizontal angulation in a Molar Bite-Wing?

A

Open molar contacts.

62
Q

What is the correct vertical angulation for a Molar Bite-Wing?

A

+10 degrees.

63
Q

What should be avoided in a Molar Bite-Wing?

A

Cone-cuts.

64
Q

What is the first step in BW?

A

The first step is to Prepare.

65
Q

How to prepare for BWX?

A

Inform and prepare the patient.

Prepare Equipment and instrument by assembling XCP and fitting the receptor on the XCP with the correct side toward the beam.

prepare the radiograph machine by adjusting the settings.

Place the tube head closer to the patient.

66
Q

What are the proper steps for positioning the XCP, receptor and tubehead for an intraoral radiograph?

A
  1. Place the XCP inside the mouth.
    1. Rotate the XCP along with the receptor.
    2. “Push back” to position it appropriately. Move the XCP as far posterior as necessary to align with the target area.
    3. Adjust the XCP for proper positioning.
    4. Instruct the patient to bite slowly on the bite block.
    5. Ensure that the bite surface of the bite block is pushed firmly against the target teeth during this process.
  2. Angulate the PID and radiology machine head
  3. Check from behind, side and in front of the tube head
  4. Expose
67
Q

What condition may require modifications to the BWX technique related to teeth?

A

Missing teeth
Bony growths tori

68
Q

What is the purpose of the Vertical Bite-Wing Technique?

A

It is used to examine the level of alveolar bone in addition to caries detection.

69
Q

How should the receptor be placed in the Vertical Bite-Wing Technique?

A

The receptor should be placed in a vertical direction.

70
Q

Is the Vertical Bite-Wing Technique technique sensitive?

A

Yes, it is technique sensitive.

71
Q

How comfortable is the Vertical Bite-Wing Technique for patients?

A

It is less comfortable for the patients.

72
Q

What is a Vertical Bite-Wing prescription?

A

A diagnostic tool used in dental radiography to capture images of the upper and lower teeth in a single view.

73
Q

What are the possibilities for Vertical Bite-Wing prescriptions?

A

FMX with VBW, 7 or 9 VBW, depending on the existence of the 3rd molars. A modified CMS may be prescribed using vertical bite-wing images alone.

74
Q

How many projections are used in a total Vertical Bite-Wing prescription?

A

A total of 7 projections (3 anterior and 4 posterior) are used to cover the anterior and posterior areas.

75
Q

What size receptors can be used for Vertical Bite-Wing exposures?

A

Size 2 receptors may be used for all exposures, or a combination of size 1 (anterior teeth) and size 2 (posterior teeth) may be used.

76
Q

What should be considered when using tabs for projections in the anterior regions?

A

A longer bite-wing tab is often necessary for the patient to be able to close completely on the tab. The patient should be instructed to bite on the tab in an end-to-end occlusal relationship.

77
Q

What are the two main categories of intraoral dental radiograph receptors?

A

The two main categories are analog imaging and digital imaging.

78
Q

What type of receptor is used in analog imaging for intraoral dental radiographs?

A

Analog imaging uses conventional film as the receptor.

79
Q

What are the subcategories of digital imaging in intraoral dental radiographs?

A

The two subcategories of digital imaging are indirect imaging and direct imaging.

80
Q

What is the receptor used in indirect digital imaging?

A

Indirect digital imaging uses a PSP plate (Photo-Stimulable Phosphor plate) as the receptor.

81
Q

What is the receptor used in direct digital imaging?

A

Direct digital imaging uses a wired digital sensor as the receptor.

82
Q

What sizes do PSPs come in?

A

Radiology (12 decks)

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