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Radiology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main categories of dental radiographs?

A

The two main categories of dental radiographs are intraoral imaging and external imaging.

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2
Q

What types of radiographs fall under intraoral imaging?

A

The types of radiographs under intraoral imaging include:
• PA (Periapical radiographs)
• BW (Bitewing radiographs)
• Occlusal radiographs

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3
Q

What types of radiographs fall under external imaging?

A

The types of radiographs under external imaging include:
• Panoramic radiographs
• 3D CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography)
• Other types of external imaging

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4
Q

What is the purpose of an intraoral imaging examination?

A

To examine the teeth and intraoral adjacent structures.

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5
Q

What is required for an intraoral imaging examination?

A

The use of intraoral receptors.

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6
Q

Where are intraoral receptors placed?

A

Inside the mouth to examine the teeth and supporting structures.

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7
Q

What type of radiograph is shown in the top-left image?

A

The top-left image is a periapical (PA) radiograph. It is used to view the entire tooth, including the crown, root, and surrounding bone structure.

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8
Q

What type of radiograph is shown in the top-right image?

A

The top-right image is another periapical (PA) radiograph, focused on the posterior teeth to evaluate the roots, bone structure, and possible lesions or infections.

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9
Q

What type of radiograph is shown in the bottom-left image?

A

The bottom-left image is a bitewing (BW) radiograph. It is used to detect interproximal decay, evaluate restorations, and assess bone levels between the teeth.

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10
Q

What type of radiograph is shown in the bottom-right image?

A

The bottom-right image is an occlusal radiograph. It captures a broad view of the arch (either maxillary or mandibular) to assess tooth development, fractures, and abnormalities in a larger area.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a periapical (PA) examination?

A

Periapical examination is used to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone.

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12
Q

What does the prefix ‘peri-‘ mean?

A

‘peri-‘ means ‘around’.

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13
Q

What does ‘apex’ refer to in dental terminology?

A

‘apex’ refers to the terminal end of a tooth root.

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14
Q

What do periapical images show?

A

Periapical images show the terminal end of the tooth root and surrounding bone, as well as the crown.

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15
Q

What does ‘Parallel’ mean?

A

Moving or lying in the same plane, always separated by the same distance and not intersecting.

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16
Q

What does ‘Intersecting’ mean?

A

To cut across or through.

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17
Q

What does ‘Perpendicular’ mean?

A

Intersecting at or forming a right angle.

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18
Q

What is a ‘Right angle’?

A

An angle of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other.

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19
Q

What is the ‘Long axis of the tooth’?

A

An imaginary line that divides the tooth longitudinally into two equal halves.

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20
Q

What is the ‘Central ray’?

A

The central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation.

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21
Q

What concept is represented in image A?

A

Image A represents parallel lines, which are two lines that never intersect and remain equidistant from each other.

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22
Q

What concept is represented in image B?

A

Image B represents intersecting lines, which meet at a point, forming an angle at their intersection.

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23
Q

What concept is represented in image C?

A

Image C represents perpendicular lines, which intersect to form a 90-degree angle.

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24
Q

What concept is represented in image D?

A

Image D shows the measurement of angles using degrees, particularly highlighting two 90-degree angles, which together form a straight angle of 180 degrees.

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25
Q

What does the dashed line in Image A and B represent?

A

The dashed line in Image A represents the long axis of the tooth, which is the imaginary line running vertically through the center of the tooth.

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26
Q

What is the importance of the long axis of the tooth in radiography?

A

Aligning the X-ray beam parallel to the long axis of the tooth ensures proper angulation and minimizes distortion in the radiographic image.

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27
Q

What factors influence the size preference of dental receptors?

A

The size preference of dental receptors is influenced by the following factors:

Teeth size
• Patient size
• Age
Intraoral access
• Patient tolerance
• Anatomy

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28
Q

Why is patient age an important factor in selecting receptor size?

A

Patient age affects both teeth size and intraoral access. For younger patients, smaller receptors may be needed to accommodate their smaller teeth and oral anatomy.

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29
Q

How does intraoral access influence receptor size selection?

A

Intraoral access is influenced by the patient’s tolerance, age, and oral anatomy. These factors determine how comfortably the receptor can be positioned within the mouth.

30
Q

What are the steps to patient preparation for the paralleling technique?

A

Patient Preparation
• 1. Briefly explain the imaging procedures to the patient.
• 2. Adjust the chair so that the patient is positioned upright, and the level of the chair is at a comfortable working height.
• 3. Adjust the headrest to support and position the patient’s head. Position the patient’s head such that the maxillary arch is parallel to the floor and the midsagittal (midline) plane is perpendicular to the floor. (No head tilt)
• 4. Place and secure the lead apron with thyroid collar on the patient.
• 5. Request that the patient remove eyeglasses and any objects in the mouth (e.g., dentures, retainers) that may interfere with the procedure.

31
Q

What is the paralleling technique in dental radiography?

A

The paralleling technique is a radiographic method where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and the X-ray beam (central ray, CR) is directed perpendicular to both the receptor and the long axis of the tooth.

32
Q

Why is a 16-inch target-receptor distance recommended in the paralleling technique?

A

A 16-inch target-receptor distance minimizes image magnification and distortion, producing a more accurate representation of the tooth and surrounding structures.

33
Q

What is the role of the receptor holder in the paralleling technique?

A

The receptor holder ensures proper alignment of the receptor parallel to the long axis of the tooth and helps maintain stability during the imaging process.

34
Q

How does the alignment of the X-ray beam impact the accuracy of the image?

A

Proper alignment of the X-ray beam perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth prevents distortion and ensures accurate imaging of the tooth and surrounding structures.

35
Q

What is the key difference between images A and B in the paralleling technique?

A

In Image A, the receptor is placed too close to the tooth and is not parallel to the long axis of the tooth, causing distortion due to improper angulation. In Image B, the receptor is positioned further away from the tooth and is parallel to the long axis, ensuring proper alignment for accurate imaging.

36
Q

Why is it important for the receptor to be parallel to the long axis of the tooth?

A

Proper parallel positioning minimizes distortion and produces a true representation of the tooth and surrounding structures.

37
Q

How does the central ray (CR) positioning differ in the two images?

A

In Image A, the CR is directed at an incorrect angle due to the receptor’s improper alignment. In Image B, the CR is correctly directed perpendicular to both the receptor and the long axis of the tooth, resulting in an accurate radiographic image.

38
Q

What is the benefit of increasing the object-receptor distance, as shown in Image B?

A

Increasing the object-receptor distance ensures that the receptor can be positioned parallel to the tooth, reducing distortion and producing a clearer radiographic image.

39
Q

What is the purpose of Size 0 receptors?

A

Size 0 receptors are designed for pediatric patients and are used to accommodate smaller mouths for intraoral radiographs.

40
Q

When is Size 1 receptor typically used?

A

Size 1 receptors are used for anterior periapical (PA) radiographs in adults, as they fit the narrower anterior regions of the mouth.

41
Q

What is the primary use of Size 2 receptors?

A

Size 2 receptors are versatile and commonly used for both anterior and posterior radiographs in adults, including bitewing and periapical imaging.

42
Q

What is the application of Size 4 receptors?

A

Size 4 receptors are used for occlusal radiographs, capturing a larger view of the maxillary or mandibular arch for detailed examination of larger areas.

43
Q

What should be done during the preparation phase for an anterior PA radiograph?

A

During the preparation phase, you should:
• Inform and prepare the patient.
• Gather equipment and instruments, including the XCP assembly.
• Fit the receptor on the XCP, ensuring the correct side is toward the beam.
• Adjust the radiograph machine settings and place the tube head closer to the patient.

44
Q

How should the XCP be positioned inside the mouth?

A

• Rotate the XCP with the receptor into place.
• “Push back” the receptor to position it as posterior as necessary, focusing on the apical edge of the receptor when aligning it in the XCP.
• Adjust the XCP to ensure proper positioning.

45
Q

What instructions should be given to the patient for biting?

A

The patient should bite slowly, ensuring the bite surface of the bite block is pressed firmly against the target teeth during the process.

46
Q

How should the PID and radiology machine head be aligned?

A

The PID and radiology machine head should be angulated properly by checking alignment from behind, the side, and in front of the tube head.

47
Q

What is the final step in performing an anterior PA radiograph?

A

The final step is to expose the radiograph by activating the machine to capture the image.

48
Q

What is the capture goal of the maxillary right canine and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to show the apices of teeth 6 and 7 and the open contact between them, with a possible inclusion of the apex of tooth 7.

49
Q

What is the capture goal of the maxillary central and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to capture the apices of teeth 8 and 9 and the open contacts between (7&8), (8&9), and (9&10), with possible inclusion of the apices of teeth 7 and 10.

50
Q

What is the capture goal of the maxillary left canine and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to capture the apices of teeth 10 and 11 and the open contact between them, with possible inclusion of the apex of tooth 11.

51
Q

What is the capture goal of the mandibular left canine and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to capture the apices of teeth 22 and 23 and the open contact between them.

52
Q

What is the capture goal of the mandibular central and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to capture the apices of teeth 23 to 26 and the open contacts between (23&24), (24&25), and (25&26).

53
Q

What is the capture goal of the mandibular right canine and lateral incisors?

A

The capture goal is to capture the apices of teeth 26 and 27 and the open contact between them.

54
Q

What is the issue with the positioning of this radiographic image of the maxillary central incisors?

A

The image is positioned too incisally, and ideally, it should be more apically positioned to capture the apices of the teeth for a complete and diagnostic radiograph.

55
Q

What anatomical features may require modifications in the paralleling technique?

A

• Shallow Palate: The tilting of the bite block affects the parallelism between the receptor and the long axis of the tooth. Modifications are needed if the lack of parallelism exceeds 20 degrees.
• Tori:
• Maxillary Tori: Bony growths along the midline of the hard palate.
• Mandibular Tori: Bony growths along the lingual aspect (tongue side) of the mandible.

56
Q

What are the modification options for a shallow palate in the paralleling technique?

A
  1. Cotton Rolls: Use one cotton roll underneath the bite block or two cotton rolls on either side of bite block to help position the receptor parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
  2. Increased Vertical Angulation: Tilt the X-ray beam slightly to compensate for the lack of parallelism, as long as the tilt is less than 20 degrees.
57
Q

Why is it important to set exposure control factors before placing a receptor in the patient’s mouth?

A

Setting exposure controls, such as kilovoltage, milliamperage, and exposure time, ensures the radiograph is of diagnostic quality, minimizing the need for retakes and ensuring patient safety.

58
Q

Why should patients remove eyeglasses and intraoral objects before the procedure?

A

Eyeglasses and intraoral objects, such as dentures or retainers, can interfere with receptor placement and cause distortion in the radiograph, compromising its diagnostic accuracy.

59
Q

Why is it important to follow a definite order (exposure sequence) during the imaging procedure?

A

A systematic exposure sequence prevents errors, ensures all necessary images are taken, and makes efficient use of time, reducing confusion during the procedure.

60
Q

How should the receptor be positioned in the bite block?

A

The receptor must be placed with the “dot in the slot,” ensuring the identification dot is at the occlusal or incisal edge. This prevents interference with the periapical area in the final image.

61
Q

Why is it important to explain the procedure to the patient?

A

Explaining the imaging process helps patients understand what to expect, reduces anxiety, and ensures they cooperate by remaining still and closing their mouth gently during the procedure.

62
Q

Why is it important to communicate clearly with patients during the imaging procedure?

A

Clear communication helps patients understand the process, making them more tolerant of minor discomfort. It also reassures them and ensures their cooperation, leading to more accurate images.

63
Q

What instructions should be given to patients regarding biting on the bite block?

A

Patients should be instructed to slowly close and gently bite on the bite block. This reduces discomfort by relaxing the musculature and stabilizes the receptor, ensuring accurate imaging without shifting.

64
Q

How should the PID (Position Indicating Device) be aligned for accurate imaging?

A

The opening of the PID and the rectangular collimator should be flush with the aiming ring of the Rinn XCP instrument to ensure proper beam angulation and avoid distortion in the radiograph.

65
Q

Why is it important not to bend or crimp film packets or PSP digital sensors?

A

Bending or crimping the receptor can lead to image distortion and potential damage to the receptor, resulting in inaccurate diagnostic information.

66
Q

Why should you avoid using words like “hurt” or phrases like “oops” during the procedure?

A

Negative words like “hurt” can make patients anxious, while phrases like “oops” suggest a lack of control or professionalism, reducing patient confidence in the procedure and the operator.

67
Q

What should you do if you drop a receptor during the procedure?

A

If a receptor is dropped, it is considered contaminated. You should leave it on the floor and dispose of it properly when cleaning the treatment area to maintain hygiene and prevent cross-contamination.

68
Q

Why shouldn’t patients dictate how imaging procedures are performed?

A

Patients may not understand the technical requirements of the procedure. The radiographer must remain in control to ensure proper technique, diagnostic accuracy, and patient safety.

69
Q

Why is it not recommended to always begin with posterior exposures?

A

Starting with posterior exposures may cause gagging in sensitive patients. It’s better to begin with easier anterior exposures to increase patient comfort and cooperation.

70
Q

Where should receptors be positioned for patients with tori in the mandibular region?

A

Receptors should be positioned behind the tori, not on top of them, to ensure that the apical regions of the teeth are visible in the resultant image.

Radiology (12 decks)

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