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Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Photoautotroph

A

light and CO2

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2
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Photoheterotroph

A

light and organic compounds

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3
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Chemoautotroph

A

Chemical and CO2

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4
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Chemoheterotroph

A

Chemical and organic compounds

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5
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

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6
Q

what is catabolism

A

Breaking down molecules for energy

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7
Q

what is Anabolism

A

Using energy to build cell components

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8
Q

________ provides the building blocks and energy for __________

A

Catabolism, anabolism

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9
Q

ATP is comprised of

A

ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups.

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10
Q

How is ATP generated?

A

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

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11
Q

Describe Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

Energy from the transfer of a high-energy PO4–( phosphate group) to ADP generates ATP

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12
Q

describe Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain

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13
Q

describe Photophosphorylation

A

Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP.

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14
Q

what are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that are specific for a chemical reaction and not used up

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15
Q

what is an Apoenzyme

A

a protein enzyme

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16
Q

what is a cofactor?

A

Nonprotein component that is required for enzyme function

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17
Q

what is a Holoenzyme

A

Apoenzyme plus cofactor

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18
Q

What are some important coenzymes? (4)

A
  • NAD+
  • NADP+
  • FAD
  • Coenzyme A
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19
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.

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20
Q

Metabolic pathways are determined by ______

A

enzymes

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21
Q

Catabolism is repsonsible for

A

the production of metabolites

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22
Q

What is an examples of carbohydrate catabolism? (3)

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs
  • Fermentation
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23
Q

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces

A

ATP and NADH

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24
Q

In the preparatory stage of glycolysis what two things happen?

A
  • Two ATPs are used
  • Glucose is split to form two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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25
What happens in the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis? (3)
- Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidized to two Pyruvic acid - Four ATP produced - Two NADH produced
26
What is an alternative to Glycolysis
the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
27
what is the electron transport chain?
A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
28
Where do electron transport occur?
- in the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
29
what is Proton Motive Force?
The PMF is a key energy storage mechanism in cells and is utilized in various cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis, active transport of molecules across membranes, and flagellar movement in bacteria
30
what is Aerobic respiration?
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
31
what is Anaerobic respiration? (2)
- The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2 (NO3-, SO42-). - Yields less energy than aerobic respiration.
32
What do environments that lack oxygen use as terminal electron acceptors? (3)
Nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and metals for anaerobic respiration
33
what is lithotrophy?
when many materials donate electrons
34
what happens in Methanogenesis?
- Hydrogen donates electrons - CO2 can accept electrons an important anaerobic reaction
34
What drives the methanogenisis reaction?
High CO2 conectrations
35
what is fermentation?
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air - food spoilage - making alcohol - acidic dairy products
36
OILRING
Oxidation is losing (electrons) Reduction is gaining (electrons)
37
what is a redox reaction?
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
38
in biological systems, the electrons are often associated with what?
hydrogen atoms - biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations
39
Gibbs Free Energy equation
deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS where, deltaH = change in enthalpy (release of heat) deltaS = change of entropy
40
if deltaG is negative, what does this mean?
the reaction can proceed spontaneously
41
deltaG depends on reactant concentration (this is a reaction)
C and D are product concentrations and A and B are reactant concentrations
42
what is a coenzyme?
an organic cofactor required for enzyme function
43
T/F: metabolic pathways are not regulated
FALSE- they are regulated
44
metabolites
A substance made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs or chemicals, or its own tissue
45
Alternatives to glycolysis: What does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway require and yield?
required 1 ATP yeilds 2 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH
46
Alternatives to glycolysis: what does the pentose phosphate pathway yield and cost?
- requires rubulose-5-P for biosynthesis - produces ribose for nucleic acids - requires 1 ATP, yields 2 ATP and 2 NADPH
47
krebs cycle (5)
1. pyruvate dehydrogenase - produces 1st CO2 and 1 NADH 2. acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzymatic steps - produces 2nd and 3rd CO2 and one ATP as GTP 3. production of 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 per turn
48
chemiosmosis aka
the electron transport chain
49
protons enter what subunit of ATP synthase?
F0, causing it to rotate
50
the F0 subunit rotation drives what...?
the F1 subunit shaft plugging a phosphate group onto ADP to make ATP
51
how many ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration?
36 ATP
52
how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
2 from substrate-level phosphorylation 6 from NADH 0 from FADH
53
how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in the intermediate step between glycolysis and Krebs?
0 from substrate-level phosphorylation 6 from NADH 0 from FADH
54
how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in Krebs?
2 from substrate-level phosphorylation 18 from NADH 4 from FADH
55
where does glycolysis occur in Eukaryotes?
cytoplasm
56
where does glycolysis occur in Prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
57
where does the intermediate step occur in Eukaryotes?
cytoplasm
58
where does the intermediate step occur in Prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
59
where does Krebs occur in Eukaryotes?
mitochondrial matrix
60
where does Krebs occur in Prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
61
where does the electron transport chain occur in Eukaryotes?
mitochondrial inner membrane
62
where does the electron transport chain occur in Prokaryotes?
plasma membrane
63
T/F: fermentation does not use Krebs or the electron transport chain
TRUE
64
What kind of molecule does fermentation use as the final electron acceptor?
organic molecules
65
does fermentation require oxygen?
no
66
fermentation: fates of pyruvate (4)
1. lactic acid fermentation 2. alcoholic fermentation 3. mixed acid fermentation 4. others like acetic acid fermentation
67
S. cerevisiae is aka
baker' yeast
68
what can S. cerevisiae do? (2)
- decarboxylate pyruvate to produce Co2 causing bread to rise - reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol
69
fermentation: vertebrate muscles
have lactate buildup, which reoxidize when O2 is present
70
fermentation: E. coli
undergoes mixed fermentation to produce formate and acetate
71
fermentation: propionibacterium
produced CO2 which makes holes in cheese!
72
Use the biochemical tests to identify groups of bacteria: 1. Can they ferment lactose? 2. Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source? - if the answer to 2 is yes, do they produce acetoin?
73
proteases turn proteins into...
amino acids
74
amphibolic pathways
metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions
75
In this process, three NADHs, one FADH2, one ATP, and two CO2s are produced from one acetyl-CoA.
The Krebs (TCA) cycle
76
What process does the electron transport chain perform?
oxidative phosphorylation
77
In aerobic respiration, what is the fate of the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis?
it is oxidized in the Krebs cycle
78
In fermentation, _____ is the final electron acceptor.
organic molecules

MCB 4403 (7 decks)

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