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MCB 4403 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Photoautotroph

A

light and CO2

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2
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Photoheterotroph

A

light and organic compounds

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3
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Chemoautotroph

A

Chemical and CO2

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4
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for a Chemoheterotroph

A

Chemical and organic compounds

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5
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

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6
Q

what is catabolism

A

Breaking down molecules for energy

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7
Q

what is Anabolism

A

Using energy to build cell components

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8
Q

________ provides the building blocks and energy for __________

A

Catabolism, anabolism

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9
Q

ATP is comprised of

A

ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups.

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10
Q

How is ATP generated?

A

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

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11
Q

Describe Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

Energy from the transfer of a high-energy PO4–( phosphate group) to ADP generates ATP

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12
Q

describe Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain

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13
Q

describe Photophosphorylation

A

Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP.

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14
Q

what are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that are specific for a chemical reaction and not used up

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15
Q

what is an Apoenzyme

A

a protein enzyme

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16
Q

what is a cofactor?

A

Nonprotein component that is required for enzyme function

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17
Q

what is a Holoenzyme

A

Apoenzyme plus cofactor

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18
Q

What are some important coenzymes? (4)

A
  • NAD+
  • NADP+
  • FAD
  • Coenzyme A
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19
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.

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20
Q

Metabolic pathways are determined by ______

A

enzymes

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21
Q

Catabolism is repsonsible for

A

the production of metabolites

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22
Q

What is an examples of carbohydrate catabolism? (3)

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs
  • Fermentation
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23
Q

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces

A

ATP and NADH

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24
Q

In the preparatory stage of glycolysis what two things happen?

A
  • Two ATPs are used
  • Glucose is split to form two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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25
Q

What happens in the energy-conserving stage of glycolysis? (3)

A
  • Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidized to two Pyruvic acid
  • Four ATP produced
  • Two NADH produced
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26
Q

What is an alternative to Glycolysis

A

the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

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27
Q

what is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain

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28
Q

Where do electron transport occur?

A
  • in the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
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29
Q

what is Proton Motive Force?

A

The PMF is a key energy storage mechanism in cells and is utilized in various cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis, active transport of molecules across membranes, and flagellar movement in bacteria

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30
Q

what is Aerobic respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)

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31
Q

what is Anaerobic respiration? (2)

A
  • The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2 (NO3-, SO42-).
  • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration.
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32
Q

What do environments that lack oxygen use as terminal electron acceptors? (3)

A

Nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and metals for anaerobic respiration

33
Q

what is lithotrophy?

A

when many materials donate electrons

34
Q

what happens in Methanogenesis?

A
  • Hydrogen donates electrons
  • CO2 can accept electrons
    an important anaerobic reaction
34
Q

What drives the methanogenisis reaction?

A

High CO2 conectrations

35
Q

what is fermentation?

A

Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air
- food spoilage
- making alcohol
- acidic dairy products

36
Q

OILRING

A

Oxidation is losing (electrons)
Reduction is gaining (electrons)

37
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

38
Q

in biological systems, the electrons are often associated with what?

A

hydrogen atoms - biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations

39
Q

Gibbs Free Energy equation

A

deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS
where,
deltaH = change in enthalpy (release of heat)
deltaS = change of entropy

40
Q

if deltaG is negative, what does this mean?

A

the reaction can proceed spontaneously

41
Q

deltaG depends on reactant concentration (this is a reaction)

A

C and D are product concentrations and A and B are reactant concentrations

42
Q

what is a coenzyme?

A

an organic cofactor required for enzyme function

43
Q

T/F: metabolic pathways are not regulated

A

FALSE- they are regulated

44
Q

metabolites

A

A substance made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs or chemicals, or its own tissue

45
Q

Alternatives to glycolysis: What does the Entner-Doudoroff pathway require and yield?

A

required 1 ATP
yeilds 2 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH

46
Q

Alternatives to glycolysis: what does the pentose phosphate pathway yield and cost?

A
  • requires rubulose-5-P for biosynthesis
  • produces ribose for nucleic acids
  • requires 1 ATP, yields 2 ATP and 2 NADPH
47
Q

krebs cycle (5)

A
  1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
    • produces 1st CO2 and 1 NADH
  2. acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzymatic steps
    • produces 2nd and 3rd CO2 and one ATP as GTP
  3. production of 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 per turn
48
Q

chemiosmosis aka

A

the electron transport chain

49
Q

protons enter what subunit of ATP synthase?

A

F0, causing it to rotate

50
Q

the F0 subunit rotation drives what…?

A

the F1 subunit shaft plugging a phosphate group onto ADP to make ATP

51
Q

how many ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

52
Q

how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2 from substrate-level phosphorylation
6 from NADH
0 from FADH

53
Q

how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in the intermediate step between glycolysis and Krebs?

A

0 from substrate-level phosphorylation
6 from NADH
0 from FADH

54
Q

how many ATP are produced by one glucose molecule in Krebs?

A

2 from substrate-level phosphorylation
18 from NADH
4 from FADH

55
Q

where does glycolysis occur in Eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

56
Q

where does glycolysis occur in Prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

where does the intermediate step occur in Eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

58
Q

where does the intermediate step occur in Prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

where does Krebs occur in Eukaryotes?

A

mitochondrial matrix

60
Q

where does Krebs occur in Prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

61
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur in Eukaryotes?

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

62
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur in Prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

T/F: fermentation does not use Krebs or the electron transport chain

A

TRUE

64
Q

What kind of molecule does fermentation use as the final electron acceptor?

A

organic molecules

65
Q

does fermentation require oxygen?

A

no

66
Q

fermentation: fates of pyruvate (4)

A
  1. lactic acid fermentation
  2. alcoholic fermentation
  3. mixed acid fermentation
  4. others like acetic acid fermentation
67
Q

S. cerevisiae is aka

A

baker’ yeast

68
Q

what can S. cerevisiae do? (2)

A
  • decarboxylate pyruvate to produce Co2 causing bread to rise
  • reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol
69
Q

fermentation: vertebrate muscles

A

have lactate buildup, which reoxidize when O2 is present

70
Q

fermentation: E. coli

A

undergoes mixed fermentation to produce formate and acetate

71
Q

fermentation: propionibacterium

A

produced CO2 which makes holes in cheese!

72
Q

Use the biochemical tests to identify groups of bacteria:
1. Can they ferment lactose?
2. Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source?
- if the answer to 2 is yes, do they produce acetoin?

A
73
Q

proteases turn proteins into…

A

amino acids

74
Q

amphibolic pathways

A

metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions

75
Q

In this process, three NADHs, one FADH2, one ATP, and two CO2s are produced from one acetyl-CoA.

A

The Krebs (TCA) cycle

76
Q

What process does the electron transport chain perform?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

In aerobic respiration, what is the fate of the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis?

A

it is oxidized in the Krebs cycle

78
Q

In fermentation, _____ is the final electron acceptor.

A

organic molecules

MCB 4403 (7 decks)

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