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MCB 4403 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of classifying organisms

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2
Q

taxonomy provides these two things

A
  • universal names for organisms
  • a reference for identifying organisms
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3
Q

_____ established the system of scientific nomenclature

A

Linneaus

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4
Q

each organisms has two names, which are…

A
  • the genus
  • specific epithet
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5
Q

How do you write a species name?

A

It is italicized, with the first letter of the genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is all lowercase

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6
Q

The accepted rules for naming species/taxa have been determined by who?

A

International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes

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7
Q

How do you establish a new microbial species?

A

It must be isolated and grown in a pure culture known as an isolate

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8
Q

what does the title Candidatus mean?

A

it is a candidate species

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9
Q

how does a candidate species become accepted as official?

A

upon publication in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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10
Q

Why are microbes hard to classify?

A
  • they asexully reproduce
  • horizontal gene transfer (can sometimes be between species)
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11
Q

molecular clock

A

temporal information contained in macromolecular sequence, which is based on the acquisition of new random mutations in DNA replication

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12
Q

What genes are the most consistent measures of evolutionary time?

A

those that encode components of the transcription and translation apparatus (ribosomal RNA and proteins, tRNA, and RNA polymerase)

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13
Q

what is the most widely used molecular clock gene?

A

small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)
- 16S rRNA in bacteria and 18S rRNA in eukaryotes

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14
Q

use of a molecular clock requires what?

A

the alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species or strains

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15
Q

phylogenetic trees estimate what?

A

the relative amounts of evolutionary divergences between sequences

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16
Q

practical identification is based on a combination of what two things?

A

phylogenetic and phenetic (phenotypic) traits

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17
Q

a common strategy of practical identification is what?

A

the dichotomous key

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18
Q

dichotomous key

A

a series of yes/no questions successively narrows down the possible categories of species

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19
Q

most traits of the dichotomous key are what kinds of traits?

A

phenotypic

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20
Q

taxonomic identification uses morphologic and metabolic properties like…(4)

A
  • morphological characteristics
  • biochemical tests
  • growth substrates
  • biochemical structure (differential staining)
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21
Q

rapid pathogen identification

A

it is a multicolor test that the results scored to give the most probable species

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22
Q

The purposes of taxonomy includes…
- classification
- identification
- nomenclature
- none of these
- all of these

A

none of these

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23
Q

the phylogenetic classification of the Domain Bacteria is based on what?

A

rRNA sequences

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24
Q

the binomial system of nomenclature assigns each organism a scientific name consisting of what two parts?

A

genus and species

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25
Q

the molecular clocks use genes that what?

A

are involved in transcription and translation

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26
Q

three domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotes

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27
Q

What are good targets for antibiotics?

A

things common to all bacteria but not to eukaryotes

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28
Q

some bacterial features of gene expression machinery good for antibiotic targets (2)

A
  • RNA polymerase
  • 70S ribosome
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29
Q

common traits good for antibiotics (2)

A
  • peptidoglycan wall
  • enzymes involved in bacterial metabolism
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30
Q

T/F: many bacterial species are uncharacterized because they cannot be grown in culture

A

TRUE

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31
Q

unclassified organisms are identified coley through what?

A

rDNA gene sequences

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32
Q

unclassified organisms are found how?

A

through sequencing rDNA from environmental samples

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33
Q

the dichotomous key for prokaryotes

A
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34
Q

low GC gram positive bacteria: the Bacillus class includes…(4)

A
  1. bacillus
  2. streptococcus
  3. staphylococcus
  4. listeria
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35
Q

bacillus

A

aerobic spore formers

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36
Q

bacillus includes…(4)

A
  • B. anthracis
  • anthrax
  • B. cereus (food poisoning)
  • B. thuringiensis (biological insecticide)
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37
Q

streptococcus

A

taxonomically complex group

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38
Q

streptococcus includes…(3)

A
  • pneumococcus and pyogenes causing scarlet fever
  • pharyngitis (sore throat)
  • rheumatic fever
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39
Q

staphylococcus includes…

A

aureus

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40
Q

Aureus

A

a staphylococcus that causes abscesses, boils, wound infections, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and a common cause of food poisoning

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41
Q

listeria includes…

A
  • L. monocytogenes which contaminates food, especially dairy
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42
Q

low GC gram positive bacteria: the Clostridial class includes…

A

Clostridium

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43
Q

clostridium

A

obligate anaerobic spore formers

44
Q

clostridium includes…(3)

A
  • perfringens that cause bacteria
  • botulinum that causes botulism
  • tetani that causes tetanus
45
Q

low GC gram positive bacteria: the wall-less bacteria or Mollicutes include…

A

mycoplasmas like M pneumonia which is the primary causes of atypical pneumonia in humans

46
Q

gram positive endospores are

A

extremely heat-resistant and have been for millennia

47
Q

gram positive endospores: toxin-formers include…(5)

A
  • Clostridiums like tetanus, botox, and gangrene
  • Bacillus like anthrax and B. thuringiensis
48
Q

actinobacteria

A

high GC gram positive bacteria

49
Q

distinctive properties of the actinobacteria (3)

A
  1. filaments form actinomyces
  2. many soil bacteria like streptomyces
  3. they are acid fast (lipophilic surface)
50
Q

actinobacteria includes…(3)

A
  • mycobacterium
  • corynebacterium (diphtheria)
  • streptomyces
51
Q

firmicutes

A

low GC gram positive bacteria

52
Q

most human pathogens are what group of bacteria?

A

proteobacteria

53
Q

alphaproteobacteria

A

includes important plant microbes like Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, and Rickettsia

54
Q

argobacterium

A

a plant pathogen that inserts a plasmid into plant cells inducing a tumor

55
Q

Rhizobium

A

is a nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in the roots of plants

56
Q

Rickettsia

A

an obligate intracellular parasite that is arthropod-born and produces spotted fevers

57
Q

this bacteria produces epidemic typhus

A

R. prowazekii

58
Q

this bacterium produces endemic murine typhus

A

R. typhi

59
Q

this bacterium produces Rocky mountain spotted fever

A

R. rickettsii

60
Q

mitochondria appear to be descendant of ancient _____ parasites

A

rickettsial

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT gram-positive?
- treponema
- clostridium
- bacillus
- streptococcus

A

treponema

62
Q

Mycoplasmas differ from other bacteria because they…

A

lack a cell wall

63
Q

Which genera of bacteria grow symbiotically within root nodules of legumes as nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Rhizobium

64
Q

beta proteobacteria includes…(3)

A
  • lithotrophs
  • pathogens
  • bordetella
65
Q

lithotrophs

A

nitrate, sulfur, and iron oxidizers

66
Q

example of a lithotroph

A

Nitrosomonas used in wastewater treatment

67
Q

beta proteobacteria pathogens: Burkholderia

A

nosocomial infections

68
Q

beta proteobacteria pathogens: Neisseria (2)

A
  • N. meningitidis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
69
Q

Nessiera

A

chemoheterotrophic cocci

70
Q

bordetella

A

chemoheterotrophic rods

71
Q

example of a bordetella

A

B. pertussis, the causes of pertussis or whooping cough

72
Q

gammaproteobacteria includes…(4)

A
  • Enterics (E. coli) and relatives
  • Vibrios and relative
  • Pseudomonas
  • Legionella
73
Q

gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadales (Pseudomonas)

A
  • opportunistic pathogens
  • metabolically diverse (survive in diverse environments)
  • polar flagella (flagella concentrated on the ends)
74
Q

gammaproteobacteria: Legionellales (Legionella)

A

naturally infect and survive within the amoebae, includes L. pneumophila

75
Q

gammaproteobacteria: Legionellales (Coxiella)

A

Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk, but not by insects

76
Q

gammaproteobacteria: Vibrionales

A

found in costal waters and includes..
- Vibrio cholera that causes cholera
- V. parahaemolyticus which causes gastroenteritis

77
Q

gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacteriales (Enterics) (9)

A
  • Enterobacter
  • Erwinia
  • Escherichia
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus
  • Salmonella
  • Serratia
  • Shingella
  • Yersinia
78
Q

Chromatium

A

a lithotroph, purple sulfur bacteria that deposits sulfur inside the cell

79
Q

Thiocapsa

A

a lithotroph that uses nitrite as an electron donor

80
Q

delta proteobacteria: Myxococcus xanthus (3)

A
  • attacks other bacteria in packs
  • aggregates into fruiting bodies
  • disperses myxospores
81
Q

delta proteobacteria: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (3)

A
  • prey on other bacteria
  • grows in periplasm
  • lyses host
82
Q

epsilon proteobacteria includes these two bacterium

A
  • Campylobacter (diarrhea)
  • Helicobacter pylori (stomach ulcers and cancer)
83
Q

what is the cause of most stomach ulcers and cancers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

84
Q

Chlamydia

A

obligate intracellular parasites

85
Q

three important members of group Chlamydia

A
  • Trachomatis
  • Psittaci
  • Pneumonia
86
Q

what does Trachomatis cause?

A

the STD and conjunctivitis

87
Q

what does Psittaci cause?

A

parrot fever

88
Q

what does Pneumoniae cause?

A

atypical pneumonia

89
Q

obligate intracellular parasites: larger reticular body (2)

A
  • grows within cells
  • does not survive outside the host
90
Q

obligate intracellular parasites: small elementary bodies (3)

A
  • survives outside host cells
  • transferred to new host
  • similar to plant spores
91
Q

Spirochaetes

A

spiral organisms with a sheath and axial filaments

92
Q

the spirochaete Treponema pallidum causes what disease?

A

syphilis

93
Q

the spriochoaete Borrelia burgorferi causes what disease?

A

lyme disease

94
Q

where do Deinococcus live?

A

lower temperatures

95
Q

these bacteria are extremely resistant to radiation and desiccation

A

Deinococcus

96
Q

cyanobacteria include this photosynthetic organelle

A

thylakoids

97
Q

many _____ fix nitrogen

A

cyanobacteria

98
Q

Bacteroides

A

gram negative rods that are a major flora of the human colon that break down toxins and complex sugars in food

99
Q

Chlorobium

A

green sulfur bacterium that are photolithotrophs

100
Q

Planctomycetes

A

have multiple internal membranes including a double membrane surrounding the nucleoid

101
Q

Verrucomicrobia

A

irregular shape that contain tubulin

102
Q

elementary bodies are found in…

A

Chlamydiae

103
Q

Borrelia is classified as a spirochete because it…

A

possesses an axial filament

104
Q

Helicobacter pylori is responsible for…

A

peptic ulcer disease

105
Q
A

D

MCB 4403 (7 decks)

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