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MCB 4403 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what bacterial shapes are the most common? (2)

A

cocci and bacilli

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2
Q

shape and arrangement: bacilli (s. bacillus)

A

rods

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3
Q

shape and arrangement: coccobacilli

A

very short rods (kinda chubby)

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4
Q

shape and arrangement: vibrios

A

resemble rods but comma shaped

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5
Q

shape and arrangement: spirilla (s. spirillum)

A

rigid helices

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6
Q

shape and arrangement: spirochetes

A

flexible helices

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7
Q

bacteria that divide and form grape-like structures are called…

A

staphylococci

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8
Q

gram-negative bacterium: envelope contains… (3)

A
  • cell wall
  • periplasm
  • inner cell membrane
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9
Q

bacterial cells hold DNA in a _____

A

nucleoid

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10
Q

nucleoid

A

non-membranous bound area of the cytoplasm that contains the chromosome in the form of looped coils

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11
Q

T/F Some bacteria have cytoplasmic organelles

A

true- but RARE

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12
Q

in gram negative bacteria, the cell membrane directly surrounding the cytoplasm is the _____ membrane

A

inner

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13
Q

in gram positive bacteria, the cell membrane directly surrounding the cytoplasm is the _____ membrane

A

only

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14
Q

bacteria have what outside of their membrane?

A

a cell wall

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15
Q

in gram negative bacteria, there is what outside of the cell wall?

A

another membrane

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16
Q

many bacteria have a _____

A

flagella

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17
Q

flagella

A

rotary swimming motor

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18
Q

the cell membrane is made of a double layer of phospholipids known as the…

A

phospholipid bilayer

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19
Q

membrane proteins serve numerous functions including…(3)

A
  • structural support
  • detection of environmental signals
  • energy storage
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20
Q

how are proteins locked into the phospholipid bilayer?

A

they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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21
Q

the bacterial cell wall is a network of _____ and _____

A

sugars and peptides

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22
Q

the bacterial cell wall confers…

A

shape and rigidity on the bacterial cell

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23
Q

what is the structure of peptidoglycan

A

sugar chains linked to each other by short polymers of amino acids

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24
Q

vancomycin and penicillin block…

A

peptide addition and crosslink formation

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25
Q

Sacculus is made of _____ aka _____

A

peptidoglycan, murein

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26
Q

what is unique to bacteria?

A

petidoglycan

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27
Q

what are excellent targets for antibiotics?

A

the enzymes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis, since it is unique to bacteria

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28
Q

penicillin inhibits the _____ that cross-links the peptides

A

transpeptidase

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29
Q

Vancomycin prevents _____ formation by binding to terminal D-Ala D-Ala dipeptide

A

cross-bridge

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30
Q

do all species of bacteria have a capsule?

A

no

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31
Q

what is the capsule of a bacterium made from? (if present)

A

polysaccharides

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32
Q

do all species of bacteria have an S-layer?

A

no

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33
Q

what is the S layer in gram-positive bacteria composed of? (if present) (2)

A

protein and glycoprotein

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34
Q

what is the thick wall of gram- positive bacteria composed of? (3)

A
  • 9-amino acid crosslinks in petidoglycan
  • teichoic acids
  • protein channels
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35
Q

what does teichoic acid provide to the thick cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

A

strength

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36
Q

which two bacteria, in particular, have very complex cell envelopes? (2)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae

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37
Q

what is unusual about the cell envelop of M. tuberculosis and M. leprae? (2)

A

membrane lipids: mycolic acids
unusual sugars: arabinogalactans

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38
Q

M. tuberculosis and M. leprae are “gram-_____” envelope structure, but _____ _____ prevents the uptake of gram stain

A

positive; mycolic acid

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39
Q

some gram-positive bacteria (2)

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • staphylococcus
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40
Q

some gram-negative bacteria (2)

A

e. coli; salmonella

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41
Q

general structure of a gram-positive wall (4)

A
  1. capsule
  2. s layer
  3. thick cell wall
  4. plasma membrane
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42
Q

general structure of a gram-negative bacteria wall (4)

A
  1. capsule
  2. outer membrane
  3. thin cell wall
  4. plasma membrane
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43
Q

what is the outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria composed of?

A

lipopolysaccharide

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44
Q

lipopolysaccharide is also know as…

A

endotoxin

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45
Q

where in the outer membrane do you find lipopolysaccharide?

A

in the outer leaflet only

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46
Q

what makes most gram-negative bacteria tougher and harder to kill?

A

the outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide

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47
Q

what is the thin cell wall of gram-negative bacteria composed of?

A

4-amino acid crosslinks in peptidoglycan

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48
Q

LPS aka…

A

lipopolysaccharide

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49
Q

three components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A
  • lipid A
  • core polysaccharide
  • O side chaine (O antigen)
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50
Q

what portion of LPS is embedded in the outer membrane of bacteria?

A

lipid A

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51
Q

what portions of LPS extend out from the cell?

A

the core polysaccharide and O side chain

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52
Q

why is LPS important? (4)

A
  • contributes to negative charge on cell surface
  • helps stabilize outer membrane structure
  • creates a permeable layer
  • protect from host defenses
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53
Q

what may contribute to the attachment of some bacteria to surfaces to create biofilms?

A

LPS

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54
Q

what can act as an endotoxin?

A

lipid A, it is a PAMP (pathogen associated molecular pattern)

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55
Q

compare and contrast positive and gram-negative cell envelops in the following categories:
- gram stain color
- peptidoglycan layer
- number of membranes
- periplasmic space
- LPS
- teichoic acids

A

Gram positive: purple; thick peptidoglycan layer; one membrane; no periplasmic space; no LPS; does have teichoic acids
gram-negative: pink/red; thin peptidoglycan; two membranes; large periplasmic space; does have LPS; no teichoic acids

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56
Q

how does the gram stain, stain?

A

the crystal violet forms crystals with iodine in the cells

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57
Q

gram-stain mechanism: gram-positive (2)

A
  • alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
  • crystal violet-iodine crystals do not leave the cell
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58
Q

gram-stain mechanism: gram-negative (2)

A
  • alcohol dissolves outer membranes and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
  • crystal violet-iodine crystals wash out
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59
Q

which type of toxins do gram-positive bacteria primarily produce?

A

exotoxins

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60
Q

which type of toxins do gram-negative bacteria primarily produce?

A

endotoxins

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61
Q

are gram negative or positive bacteria susceptible to lysozymes, penicillin, and sulfonamide?

A

gram-positive

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62
Q

The LPS that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacterial is also known as a…

A

endotoxin

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63
Q

What is found in the cell wall of a gram-positive bacterium but N NOT in that of a gram-negative bacterium?

A

teichoic acids

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64
Q

mycoplasmas lack what?

A

cell walls

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65
Q

mycoplasmas contain _____ in the plasma membrane

A

sterols

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66
Q

why are mycoplasmas resistant to penicillin? (3)

A

they are wall-less or have walls of pseudomurein (no peptidoglycan)

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67
Q

_____ breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N _-acetylmuramic acid

A

lysozyme

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68
Q

_____ inhibits petidoglycan synthesis

A

penicillin

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69
Q

what happens to bacterial cells that are treated with lysozyme or penicillin that are transferred to a hypotonic solution?

A

they lyse

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70
Q

hypotonic environments (2)

A
  • solute concentrations outside the cell is less than inside the cell
  • water moves into the cell causing it to swell
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71
Q

hypertonic environments (3)

A
  • solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the inside
  • water leaves the cell
  • plasmolysis (lysis) occurs
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72
Q

four bacterial cytoplasmic structures

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • nucleoid and plasmids
  • ribosomes
  • inclusions
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73
Q

how are bacterial cytoskeletal proteins revealed?

A

by gene defects that drastically alter the cell shape

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74
Q

shape-determining proteins: FtsZ

A

forms a Z-ring in spherical cells

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75
Q

shape-determining proteins: MreB

A

forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells

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76
Q

shape-determining proteins: CreS (crescentin)

A

forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacteria

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77
Q

nucleoid

A

single loop of double stranded DNA of bacteria (usually)

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78
Q

how are bacteria chromosomes compacted?

A

supercoiling

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79
Q

the nucleoid is attached to what portion of bacterial cells?

A

cell envelope; no membrane separated DNA from the cytoplasm

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80
Q

how do E.coli necleoid appear?

A

clear regions that exclude the ribosome and contain the DNA strands

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81
Q

what does RNA polymerase do?

A

transcribes DNA to mRNA aka transcription

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82
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

translates RNA to protein

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83
Q

transcription and translation processes occur _____ in prokaryotes

A

simultaneously

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84
Q

isotonic solutions

A

solute concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell, causing no net movement

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85
Q

the nucleoid forms what within the cells?

A

loops or domains

86
Q

bacterial DNA is supercoiled by…

A

DNA-binding proteins

87
Q

extrachromosomal DNA

A

usually small, closed, circular DNA molecules

88
Q

T/F: Plasmids do not exist and replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

A

FALSE: they do replicated independently where they are inherited during cell division

89
Q

do plasmids contain genes that are essential to the host bacteria?

A

no; they contain a couple genes that are non-essential like conferring a selective advantage to the host

90
Q

how are plasmids classified? (3)

A
  • mode of existence
  • spread
  • function
91
Q

what is the site of protein synthesis?

A

ribosome

92
Q

S is what unit?

A

Svedberg unit

93
Q

Svedburg units of bacterial and archaea ribosomes (3)

A

total = 70S
small subunit = 30S
large subunit = 50S

94
Q

Svedburg units of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

total = 80S
small subunit = 40S
large subunit = 60S

95
Q

bacterial ribosomal RNA Svedburg units

A
  • 16S in small subunit
  • 23S and 5S in large subunit
96
Q

specialized structures for photosynthesis: cyanobacteria have _____

A

thylakoids

97
Q

thylakoids contain what photosynthetic pigment?

A

chlorophyll

98
Q

what are the ancestors of chloroplasts

A

thylakoids

99
Q

thylakoids have what kind of inner membrane?

A

extensively folded

100
Q

what do carboxysomes do?

A

fix carbon

101
Q

some bacterial photosynthetic pigments are what color?

A

purple in the membranes

102
Q

_____ proteins collect light energy

A

phycobilisome

103
Q

storage granules

A

intracellular deposits of material

104
Q

different types of bacteria sequester different materials like (4)

A
  • glycogen
  • PHB
  • polyphosphate
  • sulfur
105
Q

different types of bacteria sequester different materials: glycogen for

A

energy

106
Q

different types of bacteria sequester different materials: PHB

A

poly-hydroxybutyrate (a fatty acid polymer) for energy

107
Q

different types of bacteria sequester different materials: polyphosphate

A

for storage and growth regulation

108
Q

different types of bacteria sequester different materials: sulfur

A

for disposal; in bacteria that use H2S as an electron source

109
Q

magnetosomes

A

membrane-embedded crystals of Fe3O4 fixation

110
Q

what do magnetosomes do?

A

orient the swimming of magnetotactic bacteria

111
Q

what is the outermost layer of the cell envelope of bacteria?

A

glycocalyx

112
Q

glycocalyx (2)

A
  • capsules and slime layers
  • S layers
113
Q

what does the glycocalyx do?

A

it aids in attachment to solid surfaces (think biofilms in plants and animals)

114
Q

the capsule of bacteria is usually composed of _____

A

polysaccharides

115
Q

T/F: the capsule is well organised and not easily removed from the cell

A

TRUE

116
Q

capsules are visible using what kind of microscope?

A

light microscopes

117
Q

what are the protective advantages of the bacterial capsule? (3)

A
  • resistant to phagocytosis
  • protects from desiccation (removal of moisture)
  • excludes viruses and detergents
118
Q

S layer

A

regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self-assemble

119
Q

S layers may aid in _____

A

motility

120
Q

in Gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer adheres where?

A

to the outer membrane

121
Q

in Gram-positive bacteria, the S layer is associated with…

A

the peptidoglycan surface

122
Q

nanotubes

A

intercellular connections that pass material from one cell to the next

123
Q

specialized structures for cell attachment (2)

A
  • fimbriae
  • pili
    both attach to cells surfaces
124
Q

fimbriae and pili are made of thin filaments of a protein called _____

A

pilin

125
Q

stalks attached to the cells surface form a _____

A

holdfast

126
Q

stalks attached to cells surfaces are also an extension of…

A

the cell cytoplasm

127
Q

secretion systems (stalks) attach cells to what three kinds of things?

A
  • prey
  • host
  • potential mates
128
Q

specialized structures for cell motility: flagella

A

long, helical protein filaments

129
Q

flagella are filaments of a protein called _____

A

flagellin

130
Q

where are some places flagella are attached to cells? (2)

A

the ends or over the whole cell

131
Q

a sex pilus is similar to what type of secretion system?

A

IV secretions systems

132
Q

the base of flagella resembles what type of secretion system?

A

type III

133
Q

how do flagella move?

A

they rotate to propel the cell

134
Q

PMF or _____ _____ _____ drives rotation clockwise or counterclockwise

A

proton motive force

135
Q

chemotaxis

A

the directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus, such as a growth factor

136
Q

attractants cause what kind of rotation in the flagella?

A

counterclockwise to push the cell forward or “run”

137
Q

repellents cause what kind of rotation in the flagella?

A

clockwise rotation to ‘tumble” or change the direction

138
Q

runs and tumbles together cause…

A

“random walk”

139
Q

receptors detect attractant concentrations of things like…(2)

A

sugars and amino acids

140
Q

when attractant concentration increases, it prolongs…

A

the run, biasing the random walk causing a next movement of bacteria toward attractants

141
Q

what kind of bacteria have endoflagella?

A

spirochetes

142
Q

where are endoflagella anchored?

A

at one end of a cell

143
Q

rotation of an endoflagella causes what?

A

the whole cell to move

144
Q

axial filaments are also called what?

A

endoflagella

145
Q

endospores, simply put are what?

A

resting cells

146
Q

endospores are resistant to…(4)

A

environmental stress such as desiccation (loss of moisture), heat, radiation, and chemicals

147
Q

what kinds of bacteria have endospores? (3)

A
  • gram positive
  • bacillus
  • clostridium
148
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

149
Q

germination

A

return to a vegetative state

150
Q

T/F: COmmon food preservation processes do not kill endospores

A

TRUE

151
Q

endospores are of great practical importance where? (3)

A

in food, industrial, and medical microbiology

152
Q

What structure protects pathogenic bateria from phagocytosis?

A

capsule

153
Q

Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA are also known as what?

A

plasmids

154
Q

Which structure allows a cell to survive adverse environmental conditions?

A

endospores

155
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits of what sizes?

A

30S + 50S

156
Q

surface area to volume ratio problem

A

When the surface area to volume ratio is large, cells are supplied with ample nutrients to produce life.
When the surface area to volume ratio is low, cells are not able to supply themselves with enough nutrients to fuel all the internal complexes.

157
Q

advantages of organelles: endomembranes

A

membranes around organelles increase membrane SA without increasing cell volume

158
Q

advantages of organelles: enclosing certain metabolic activities

A

within a confined space allows for an increased concentration of enzymes and substrates allowing reactions to proceed faster

159
Q

advantages of organelles: different conditions

A

endomembranes allow for different conditions within different organelles such as the acidic pH in lysozomes

160
Q

advantages of organelles: protection

A

protects cytoplasm from harmful substances such as hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes and peroxide in peroxisomes

161
Q

compare and contrast: location of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • Eukaryotic: nucleus
  • Prokaryotic: nucleoid region in cytoplasm
162
Q

compare and contrast: cell wall of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  • Eukaryotic: cellulose or chitin
  • Prokaryotic: peptidoglycan
163
Q

compare and contrast: internal membranes

A
  • Eukaryotic: extensive membranous organelles
  • Prokaryotic: uncommon
164
Q

compare and contrast: flagella composition

A
  • Eukaryotic: alpha and beta tubulin
  • Prokaryotic: flagellin
165
Q

cytoplasm

A

substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

166
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

167
Q

cytoskeleton (3)

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

168
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

169
Q

non-membrane bound organelles (2)

A
  • ribosomes
  • centrosome
    all other are membranous
170
Q

nucleus

A

contain chromosomes

171
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transportation network

172
Q

golgi complex

A

packaging and secretion of material for various purposes and lysosome creation

173
Q

lysosome

A

holds digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion

174
Q

vacuole

A

brings food into cells and provides support

175
Q

mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration

176
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

177
Q

peroxisome

A

oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2 (oxidize organic/toxic substances)

178
Q

centrosome

A

consists of protein fibers and centrioles, and plays an important role in cell division

179
Q

what kind of membrane is the nuclear membrane?

A

a double membrane

180
Q

what are the nuclear pores of the nuclear membrane for?

A

transportation control

181
Q

where are ribosomes found on the nucleus?

A

attached to the outside of the nuclear membrane

182
Q

what is the center of the nucleus called?

A

nucleolus

183
Q

which ribosome is in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

70S (similar to bacterial ribosome)

184
Q

which ribosome is free in the cell, or attached to the ER in the cytoplasm?

A

80S (60S + 40S)

185
Q

which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached?

A

rough ER

186
Q

which ER is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

rough ER

187
Q

which ER is responsible for lipid synthesis?

A

smooth ER

188
Q

what is a membranous organelle made of cisternae stacked on each other?

A

golgi complex

189
Q

the golgi complex is involved in…(3)

A

(1) modification, (2) packaging, and (3) secretion of materials for various purposes

190
Q

lysosomes contain _____

A

hydrolases

191
Q

hydrolases

A

enzymes which hydrolyze molecules and function best under slightly acidic conditions

192
Q

how do lysosomes maintain an acidic environment?

A

by pumping protons into their interior

193
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded as _____

A

cristae

194
Q

T/F: the mitochondria do not have their own genome

A

FALSE- they do have their own genome

195
Q

what kind of ribosome do mitochondria have?

A

70S

196
Q

the outer membrane of the mitochondrial membrane have that is similar to gram-negative bacteria?

A

porins (for diffusion of ions and water)

197
Q

which membrane of the mitochondria is the location of enzymes and electron carries for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the inner membrane

198
Q

the matrix enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria contains…(4)

A
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondrial DNA
  • enzymes of the TCA cycle
  • enzymes for catabolism of fatty acids
199
Q

what is the site of photosynthetic reactions?

A

chloroplast

200
Q

chloroplast

A

pigment-containing organelles observed in plants and algae

201
Q

T/F: chloroplast have a double membrane

A

TRUE

202
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory (4)

A

eukaryotic cells from from prokaryotic cells
- mitochondria were bacteria and chloroplast were cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)
- these were engulfed by other species
- ended up living inside (endosymbiosis)

203
Q

evidence for the endosymbiotic theory (3)

A
  • mitochondria/chloroplast resemble bacteria in size, shape, and their ability to replicate via binary fission
  • circular DNA genome
  • 70S ribosome
204
Q

T/F: archaea are bacteria

A

FALSE - they are not bacteria

205
Q

bacteria and archaea are similar in…(2)

A

size and shape

206
Q

archaeal ribosomes are similar to _____ ribosomes

A

eukaryotic

207
Q

generally, where do archaea live?

A

harsh environments

208
Q

_____S rRNA gene sequence is found in all cellular organisms

A

16

209
Q

The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following except:
- phosphoglycerides
- sphingolipids
- sterols
- peptidoglycan

A

peptidoglycan

210
Q

What is a function of the mitochondrion? (3)

A
  • TCA cycle enzymatic reactions
  • electron transport
  • ATP synthesis
211
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits of what size?

A

30S and 50S

MCB 4403 (7 decks)

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