Lecture 1

Question 1

What is a microbe?

Answer 1

A microorganism; typically one that causes disease or fermentation

Question 2

What are the six major groups of microbes that are studied by microbiologists?

Answer 2

• Prokaryotes
  
  • Bacteria
  • Archea
• Eukaryotes
  
  • Fungi
  • Algae
  • Protists
• Viruses

Question 3

Whats the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (2)

Answer 3

• Prokaryotes are small and simple while Eukaryotes are large and complex
• Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes HAVE membrane bound organelles

Question 4

what is peptidoglycan?

Answer 4

a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria

Question 5

Most bacteria lack a

Answer 5

membrane bound nucleus

Question 6

What kind of bacteria produce a significant amount of oxygen?

Answer 6

Cyanobacteria

Question 7

what distinguishes bacteria from archaea?

Answer 7

unique rRNA (16S) gene sequences

Question 8

Archaea lack ________ in cell walls

Answer 8

peptidoglycan

Question 9

What are some characteristics of Archea? (4)

Answer 9

• Have unique membrane lipids
• Have unusual metabolic characteristics
• Archaeal ribosomes are similar to eukaryotic ribosomes
• Live in extreme environments (eg. high temperature)

Question 10

Protists are generally ______ than Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 10

larger

Question 11

are algae photosynthetic?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

what are the two types of fungi?

Answer 12

• Yeast
• Mold

Question 13

is yeast unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 13

unicellular

Question 14

is mold unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 14

multicellular

Question 15

how do protists gain energy?

Answer 15

by absorbing or ingestingorganic chemicals

Question 16

protists are mobile via…

Answer 16

pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

Question 17

what are the cell walls of algae made up of?

Answer 17

Cellulose

Question 18

algae use ________ for energy

Answer 18

photosynthesis

Question 19

what do algae produce?

Answer 19

molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Question 20

what are the cell walls of fungi made up of?

Answer 20

chitin

Question 21

fungi use ________ for energy

Answer 21

organic chemicals

Question 22

why are viruses acellular?

Answer 22

they lack most of the components of cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane

Question 23

what are virus genomes made out of?

Answer 23

DNA or RNA

Question 24

In viruses the genome is surrounded by what?

Answer 24

a protein coat called capsid

Question 25

In viruses, the capsid is surrounded by what?

Answer 25

a lipid envelope

Question 26

when do viruses replicate?

Answer 26

when they are in a living host cell

Question 27

Microbes consist of... (4)

Answer 27

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and sugars

Question 28

what are the signs that microbes have signs of life? (4)

Answer 28

They metabolize, grow, reproduce, and respond to environments

Question 29

Genome =

Answer 29

organism’s total genetic content

Question 30

how many base pairs and how many genes are in Haemophilus influenza?

Answer 30

2 million bps, and 1,700 genes

Question 31

when was the first draft of the human genome published?

Answer 31

in 2000

Question 32

when was the light microscope invented?

Answer 32

1600s

Question 34

who and when were bacteria first observed?

Answer 34

Van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria in 1676

Question 35

what is biogenesis?

Answer 35

Its when living organisms arise form preexisting life

Question 36

what is spontaneous generation? What is the caveat of this?

Answer 36

when living organisms can arise from non-living matter. Its been disproved in a series of experiments

Question 37

What experiment disproved spontaneous generation and how?

Answer 37

Louis Pasteur experiment by showing that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate things

Question 38

What is the hypothesis behind Germ Theory of Disease?

Answer 38

transmission of “germs” causes disease

Question 39

What evidence/observations support the hypothesis that transmission of germs cause disease?

Answer 39

- Rabies: transmitted to new host when bitten by an infected animal - Anthrax: in the 1800’s people knew it was possible to catch this from cattle - Battlefield Infections - Wound sepsis

Question 40

Who first recognized the significance of infection in warfare?

Answer 40

British nurse Florence Nightingale

Question 41

What are koch's postulates? (4)

Answer 41

1) Microbe is always present in diseased individual and absent in healthy ones 2) Microbe can be grown in pure culture 3) Introduction of pure microbe into healthy individual causes said individual to become sick 4) Same microbe is re-obtained rom now sick individual

Question 42

what did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

Answer 42

discovered the medical benefits of hand-washing.

Question 43

what is an antiseptic?

Answer 43

a chemical that can be applied to living tissue to prevent or kill the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria

Question 44

what did Jospeh Lister do?

Answer 44

he promoted the idea of sterilization in surgery using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic.

Question 45

what did Alexander Fleming do?

Answer 45

Discovered penicilin

Question 46

How long did microbes exists before plants and animals?

Answer 46

2 billion years

Question 47

What cycles do microbes go through?

Answer 47

- Nitrogen cycle - Carbon cycle - Sulfur cycle - Phosphorus cycle

Question 48

What is botox?

Answer 48

Botox is a neurotoxin made by Botulinum which s one of the most poisonous natural substances in the world

Question 49

what does botox do?

Answer 49

Deceases muscles activity for 4-6 months

Question 50

What did Peyton Rous discover?

Answer 50

Viruses are the cause of cancer in chickens