Lecture 9 Flashcards
What is cellular respiration (2)
energy derived from food
the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions
what is an aerobe
organism that grows or metabolizes only in the presence of oxygen
what is an anaerobe
organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen
what is a facultative anaerobe
organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but able to switch to fermentation with oxygen is unavailable
what is an organic molecules cellular respiration called without oxygen
fermentation
what happens during aerobic cellular respiration
the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
where does cellular respiration and ATP synthesis occur
mitochondria
What are the double membrane organelles?
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus
what are the four steps of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Formation of acetyl - CoA
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain / chemiosmosis
what is the formation of acetyl - CoA
fuse to activate the Krebs cycle
what does glycolysis produce? (3)
2 pyruvate
2-ATP
2 NADH
What are the electron carriers from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
NADH
FADH
where does glycolysis happen
cytosol (cytoplasm)
where does the formation of Acetyl-CoA happen
mitochondrial matrix
what is Krebs cycle fuelled by?
Acetyl-CoA
where does the Kreb cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
what is the electron transport chain
a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions
where is the electron transport chain located
inner mitochondrial membrane
what transport proton passes through the electron transport chain
H+ (hydrogen ion)
what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation
O2
what are the primary electron donors in Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH
what forms the channels for diffusion of protons (H+) from the inter membrane space through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the matrix?
ATP synthase
Is ATP synthesis exergonic or endergonic
endergonic - requires energy
is diffusion of protons (usually H+) down their gradient exergonic or endergonic
exergonic - releases energy
ATP is produced through what processes? Term (2)
- oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosphorylation
what is fermentation
occurs in the absence of O2 - an ATP generating process in which organic compounds act as both donors and acceptors of electrons
what are the two reactions in chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
light reactions
Calvin cycle
what is the light reaction, and what does it produce?
the light driven production of ATP and NADPH
what is the puropose of the Calvin cycle
the conversion of CO2 to produce carbohydrates (glucose)
what initiates the light dependant reaction
chlorophyll a
what is resonance energy
the migration of light energy to the reaction centre in photosynthesis
What are the functions of the photosystems (3 for 1) (5 for 2)
absorption of light energy
extraction of electrons
transfer electrons to primary electron acceptors
2
H2O splitting
Release of O2
what couples the exergonic process of diffusion down a concentration gradient
the endergonic process of phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
what are the electron donors in Photophosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation
Photo - H2O
Oxidative - NADH and FADH
what’s the final electron acceptor in photophosphorylation
NADP+
Products of photophosphorylation
ATP, NADPH, O2
products of oxidative phosphorylation
ATP, H2O
The energy of ATP and NADPH produced during light reactions is used for what
formation of organic molecules from CO2 and the Calvin cycle
where does the Calvin cycle occur
the stroma
3 steps of carbon fixation/calvin cycle
carbon fixation
energy consumption and carbon reduction
RuBP regeneration
what is Rubisco
the most abundant protein in the chloroplast/ incorporates CO2 into plants during photosynthesis
does glycolysis required oxygen
no
what does the kreb cycle produce
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
what does the formation of Acetyl - CoA produce
2 NADH
