Lecture 9 Flashcards
Behaviourism suggests that ______ motivation is the only cause of behaviour.
extrinsic (eg radical environmentalism which suggests that environmental factors have way more importance than heredity in determining behaviour)
_____ is the first to suggest intrinsic motives for behaviour
MacDougall
In the 19__’s, there were big debates between _____ like Watson and _____ like MacDougall on the topic of motivation
20’s; behaviourists; evolutionary psychologists
What is MacDougall’s instinct theory of motivation?
- all organisms are motivated by limited set of innate motives (12)
- all other motives are derived from these as a function of individual experience (can blend instincts to understand more complex behaviours)
- almost opposite of behaviourism!!
- theory was very popular but didn’t get traction among researchers
MacDougall’s “primary motives” were initially called ____, and later called ______ because _______.
instincts; propensities; bc instinct was too strongly worded
What are the 5 steps in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
Maslow classifies Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, and Esteem needs as _____ needs. This means that motivation (increases/decreases) as needs are met.
DEFICIENCY; DECREASES
Maslow classifies Self-actualization needs as _____ needs. This means that motivation (increases/decreases) as needs are met.
BEING/GROWTH; INCREASES
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is similar to what other idea discussed in class?
MacDougal’s instincts/propensities
_____ is the father of humanistic psychology
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychology rose in opposition to ____ and ____
behaviourism and psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology views free will as _____
a central aspect of human existence
(emphasized capacity to shape own life through conscious choices, self-awareness, and personal responsibility)
In the 20’s, Maslow was first drawn to psychology by ____
Watson’s behaviourism
What are 3 positive aspects of behaviourism in the 20’s?
- more “scientific” (vs things like eugenics)
- potential of leading to social improvements
- no negative attitude towards sex, sexuality, race, etc.
Why was it surprising that Maslow ended up with a poorly-paid low-level position at Brooklyn College? Why might this have happened?
- trained at the best schools! (PhD w Harlow at U of Wisconsin, post-doc w Thorndike at Columbia)
- might have been passed over for opportunities bc he was jewish
Why did Dr. Roy say that Maslow’s crappy job in Brooklyn could have been a blessing in disguise?
- New York became a new hub for intellectuals in 30s-40s
- called the “New Athens”
- had lots of cool mentors like Erich Fromm
Who was Erich Fromm? What did he think about the concept of free will?
- one of Maslow’s mentors in New York
- believed we are all naturally endowed w capacity for free will
- every time we make a choice, we exclude something else (another possibility)
- escaping freedom is root of psychological conflicts (ex immersing self in ideology or religion/guru)
According to Maslow, self-actualization occurs when “the individual is doing _________”
what he is fitted for (this is more about what you want; not necessarily what you’re good at)
Maslow’s idea of self-actualization is similar to what other idea discussed in class?
- Aristotle’s “final cause” or telos
The word personality comes from _____
the Greek work persona (theatre masks)
In the 1800s/early 1900s, personality was mainly associated with…
had medical connotations (eg personality disorder)
Why was the term “personality” favoured over the word “character”?
- personality is more neutral and “scientific”
- character usually has a quality (good/bad)
What was the 1919 Woodworth Personal Data Sheet?
- one of first non-intellective psychological tests
- used to identify soldiers who would be susceptible to shell-shock (PTSD)
- 116 questions, eg “do you wet the bed at night?”
The unifying concept of of personality studies is _____
their focus on TRAITS
Who was William Stern?
- Allport did his post-doc w him in 1923
- studied personality (called it “individuality”)
How did Stern distinguish relational vs real individuality?
- relational: defined by relative positions on large variety of traits (quantitative; looks at patterns of scores)
- real: Gestalt-like conception of each person’s unique self that is more than the sum of its individual characteristics (can’t be reduced to any pattern of numbers)
Who taught the first university courses on personality?
Gordon Allport (at Harvard and Dartmouth)
Allport’s 1930 book “Personality: A Psychological Interpretation” marked the start of the distinction between ____ and ____
qualitative and quantitative methods
How did Allport distinguish Nomothetic vs Idiographic methods?
- Nomothetic: study ppl in terms of general dimensions on which they vary to quantitatively specifiable degrees
Idiographic: investigate/describe what it is that makes a person unique
Who was Raymond Cattel? How did he contribute to personality research?
- statistician trained at Uni of London in factor analysis
- hired to work w Allport to break down 35 traits into 16 more basic factors
- had to move to Illinois to use one of first computers to do this bc it was too much to do by hand (story where he rented out the whole gym at Harvard to cover the floor w papers)
Allport and Cattell broke down ____ traits into ___ more basic factors using _____
35; 16; factor analysis
Briefly describe Hans Eysenck’s PEN model of personality
- 3 dimensions only
- Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism
What was the person-situation controversy from 1968-1980?
- Walter Mischel questioned whether behaviour in a given situation is more strongly determined by pre-existing traits/dispositions or by the demands of the situation
- focus of research moved to strong social situations
What are strong social situations?
- situations in which the demands of the situation impact behaviour more than pre-existing traits/dispositions
- eg Stanford prison experiment; Milgram’s obedience study
What are the Big 5 personality traits?
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Neuroticism
- Openness
What was Danziger’s critique of the study of personality?
- personality posited as a real entity existing independently of anyone’s description of it
- but personality tests all rely on verbal description
- SO, how can we claim that personality tests measure anything beyond the semantic space of personality description??
- IF we ASSUME that language adequately describes reality, then we can say that personality is a real natural phenomenon (no way to prove this, have to assume)
Who was Henry Murray? What key test did he develop?
- Director of Harvard Psychological Clinic (founded 1927 without consulting psyc department; Allport helped defend the clinic!)
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): show image and ask P to describe it; psychologist qualitatively analyzes response (idiographical method!)
What genre of book became popular in the 20s/30s?
- psychobiographies!
- use of psychoanalytic/personality theories to interpret an individual’s life story
- ex Walter Langer’s “The Mind of Adolf Hitler”
What was the most common purpose of the first psychology clinics?
- educational psychology (sometimes counselling)
How does the history of psychology explain why we have 2 different psychology departments at McGill?
- first clinics were educational psych
- “clinical” psych started as psychiatry and then gradually became psychology
At the beginning of the 20th century, mental illness was being treated by ______. What was the role of psychologists involved in mental health care?
- neurologists (psychotherapy seen as medical treatment restricted to doctors)
- psychologists had subordinate roles and were mainly hired to administer psychological tests
The first “treatment” centers run by psychologists started in _____ and were attached to _____
the US; attached to universities
What were 2 key contributions of Lightner Witmer?
- opened first psych health center at UPenn to help schoolchildren w behavioral/learning problems
- one of original founders of APA!
Why was the growth of psychology clinics slow at first?
- lack of support from academic psychologists
- ex APA officially disproved of psych as a profession in 1921 (wanted to be taken seriously as a science)
_____ first used the term clinical psychology to refer to the branch of psych applying _____ to _____
LightnerWitmer; applying psychological knowledge to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders
In WWII, the US army hired psychologists and other medical personnel to perform what 2 main functions within the military psychiatric service?
- predict who was vulnerable (esp. to shell-shock)
- treat the soldiers suffering from shell-shock
**still a focus here on psychologists doing tests!
Why did the practice of psychology move away from psychoanalysis?
- considered too long and inefficient
- in 1942 Carl Rogers moved from psychoanalysis toward client-centered therapy
In his 1942 book “Counselling and Psychotherapy”, Carl Rogers proposed a ____ therapy.
client-centered!
How did Rogers’ client-centered therapy work? What kind of therapy does this contrast with?
- clients search for solution to problems by talking them through with a listening, understanding, and supporting therapist
- nondirective counselling approach (reflection)
- encourages clients to come up with their own solutions!
- contrasts w psychoanalysis where therapist doesn’t talk
Why is it important that Rogers used the word “client” vs “patient”?
- wanted to make relationship btw therapist and patient more balanced
What 3 things did Rogers think characterized a good counsellor?
- unconditional positive regard
- empathic understanding
- congruence (genuineness)
Rogers’ therapy was based on his theory of ____
personality (humans are driven by a positive force (self-actualization) to move forward and realize themselves)
In psychoanalysis, humans are reduced to ________
In behaviourism, humans are reduced to ________
unconscious drives and wishes
behaviours controlled by environmental contingencies
Following WWII, psychological therapy became more popular because:
1.
2.
3.
- unease w way patients were treated in asylums
- scientific support for usefulness of therapy
- psychiatrists turned to pharmacotherapy as treatment
**these all reflect the general antipsychiatry sentiment of period
What movie did Dr. Roy mention that summarizes the antipsychiatry sentiment of the period following WWII?
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Jack Nicholson)
What were two examples given of invasive/problematic psychiatric treatments used before (and beyond) the 60s/70s?
- lobotomy (inventor Monitz got Nobel prize for this)
- electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (is useful for depression but at the time was used more widely and without empirical support)
What treatment gradually replaced lobotomies in the 50s/60s?
antipsychotic drugs
What was the goal of the MKUltra project?
- CIA wanted to develop mind control techniques (mainly to use on Russian spies)
- funded research at Allan memorial under supervision of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron
(T/F) Dr. Donald Cameron’s research at the Allan memorial was perceived as problematic at the time it was conducted
- FALSE
- he was actually really well-regarded
- first chairman of World Psychiatric Association and president of American and Canadian Psychiatric Associations
What was Cameron’s “psychic driving” hypothesis?
- schizophrenia could be cured by erasing memories and reprogramming the psyche
How did Cameron erase memories and reprogram the psyche of his patients to test his psychic driving hypothesis?
- we don’t know exactly; all records have been destroyed
- reports of putting patients into drug-induced comas for up to 3m while playing loops of noise or repetitive statements
- he often carried out these experiments on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems like anxiety
Antipsychiatry: psychiatry doesn’t help patients, it is a way to _______
control patients and expel them from society
What was the Rosenhan experiment (1973)? What did we learn from it?
- “On being sane in insane places”
- 8 pseudo-patients entered psychiatric hospital by faking symptoms but then remained “normal” after admission
- wanted to see how they’d be treated and when they’d be discharged
- they were institutionalized from 7-52 (!!) days; many diagnosed w “schizophrenia in remission”
- showed that treatments should be more respectful, be shorter and more geared towards reintegration!
In 1952, ____ reviewed the available evidence about the effectiveness of psychological therapies for non-psychotic patients.
He found that __/3 of patients improved over 2y period, (only if/whether or not) they had followed therapy
Hans Eysenck
2/3, whether or not in therapy!
**but stayed optimistic, took this to mean that therapists need to examine the evidence and adapt their approach!
In the 1960’s, ____ developed Behaviour Therapy.
Joseph Wolpe
What is the focus of Wolpe’s behaviour therapy? What example was given of this?
- focus is changing observed behaviour rather than internal mental processes (based on principles of behaviourism)
- ex systematic desensitization (pair relaxation exercise w graded exposure to feared stimulus)
In the 1970’s, Wolpe and Eysenck report results showing that (behaviour therapy/psychoanalysis) is (more/equally/less) effective than (behaviour therapy/psychoanalysis). These therapies performed (better/similarly) to the control group w minimal treatment)
behaviour therapy and psychoanalysis were about equally effective!
both better than control
In the 60s/70s, ____ developed cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck
Beck was initially trained as a _____
psychoanalyst
What did Beck find when he tested Freud’s hypothesis that depression is anger directed at oneself? What did this lead him to develop?
- analysis of patient dreams did not reveal any anger
- most common themes were loss and rejection
- depression involves systematic biases in thinking
- led to development of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
What are the 3 steps of Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
Antecedent, Belief, Consequence
2 ways this can go:
- Negative event (A); Rational belief (B); Healthy negative emotion (C)
- Negative event (A); Irrational belief (B); Unhealthy negative emotion (C)
What is Beck’s cognitive triad?
- core belief structure
- negative thoughts ab the self, the world, and the future
What is the main goal of cognitive therapy?
- to help the patient uncover the beliefs underlying their depression and to challenge them
What was a key breakthrough in psychological treatment in the 50’s?
- breakthroughs in pharmacotherapy!
- chlorpromazine to treat psychosis
- imipramine to treat depression
What impact did advances in pharmacotherapy have on psychologists?
- prescription of psychoactive drugs became new prerogative treatment of psychiatrists
- psychotherapy left to psychologists!
What are 2 “benefits” of pharmacotherapy?
- facilitates in-house treatment
- lowers threshold for treatment of mental health problems (used to be only extreme cases who would get treatment; maybe we are taking this too far today – % of population on meds increases every year)
