Lecture 7 Flashcards
What were the key points in Gustave Le Bon’s 1895 book Psychologie des Foules?
- in crowds, ppl abandon individuality and rationality and assume a collective mind that allows them to do things they would never do alone
- anonymity frees individual from personal responsibilities
- Contagion: through suggestibility and imitation, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd
Gustave Le Bon:
The process of _____ is when through ___ and ___, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd
CONTAGION; SUGGESTIBILITY & IMITATION
How can we connect Freud’s Id/Ego/Superego to Le Bon’s crowd psychology?
- in a crowd, the Id is let loose! (no more control by ego or superego)
How is Edward Bernays related to Freud?
- he is Freud’s double nephew
- son of Freud’s sister + Freud’s wife’s brother
Who is Adam Curtis?
- creator of documentary The Century of the Self (2002)
- doc about Edward Bernays and origins of marketing
Edward Bernays (1891-1995) was considered the father of ____ and _____
public relations and marketing
How did Edward Bernays come up with the idea to encourage consummerism?
- in WW1, his job was to influence public opinion in favor of the war
- realized the same strategies could be used in peacetime to control “dangerous masses” (problem in 20th century)
- comes up w consumerism as a means to safely satisfy the Id
How did Edward Bernays think we could safely satisfy the needs of the Id?
- consumerism!
- stir desires via marketing; when ppl are engages in this they won’t riot
Bernays wanted to shift America from a ____ culture to a ____ culture
needs to desires! (“man’s desires must overshadow his needs”)
How did Bernays improve Betty Crocker’s marketing for their cake mix?
- conducted focus group w housewives
- found out they weren’t buying the mix bc it was too easy and they felt guilty
- removed the eggs from the mix so ppl had to add them themselves!
- they sold way more! (still like this today)
In general, techniques used in focus groups are based on ________
Freud’s free association technique!
How can we interpret Bernays’ Betty Crocker campaign in terms of Freudian psychology?
- can see eggs as symbolism for feminine fertility!
Where is Freud on list of most eminent psychologists of 20th century?
3rd! (behind Skinner and Piaget)
The bulk of the controversy ab Freud relates to _____
the scientific standing of his theory
What did Popper say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?
- Freudian theory is unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific!
- ex presence of a repressed memory is confirmed by either the patient’s capacity or incapacity to recall it
What did Ricoeur say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?
- psychoanalysis should be understood as an interpretation that resembles history (vs observational science)
- just bc it is not scientific doesn’t mean it’s worthless
What is Hermeneutics? Where does the word come from?
- word comes from Greek god Hermes (messenger to gods)
- art of interpretation (philosophical and interpretive approach)
Ppl who still endorse the value of Freud’s work emphasize which aspect of his theory?
- Hermeneutics!! (art of interpretation)
Who is perceived to be Freud’s heir?
Carl Jung (worked together from 1906-1913)
Why was the 1909 Psychology Conference @ Clark University historically important?
- could be considered first psych conference
- marks meeting of Freudian theory/psychoanalysis with psychology in North America
Jung’s father was a _____ and his grandfather was a _____
priest; medical doctor (had both influences!)
Jung practiced as a ______
psychiatrist (so exposed to more severe cases vs Freud)
Jung founded _____
analytic psychology (not same as Freud’s psychoanalysis)
How did Jung define introversion vs extroversion? How would he and Freud be categorized?
- Introverts: more readily acknowledge their psychological needs and problems
- Extroverts: tend to be oblivious to internal stuff bc they focus more on outer world
- according to this, Jung is a super introvert
- criticized Freud for not being introverted enough (didn’t go deep enough into his own mind)
Jung: “In each of us there is _______. He speaks to us in _____ and tells us how differently he sees us from the way we see ourselves.”
another whom we do not know
dreams!
**for Jung this “other person” is Philemon (old man)
What are Jung’s 4 layers of consciousness/reality? What is different from Freud’s theory?
External Reality | _____ | ______ | ______
External Reality | Consciousness | Personal Unconscious | Collective Unconscious
- collective unconscious is new! (point of debate btw him and Freud)
What is Jung’s “Collective Unconscious”?
- contains archetypes (inherited universal structures)
- things that are probably in our genes!
- eg how to procreate, how to distinguish male/female
According to Jung, what is the key role of the Ego?
- filtering what enters our consciousness
Where does the Ego live in Jung’s model?
consciousness
Where do archetypes live in Jung’s model?
in both personal and collective unconscious
According to Jung, the only way we can know archetypes is through _____
symbols!! (eg canadian flag symbolizes more than just Canada)
According to Jung, symbols bridge the gap between _____ and _____ by conveying meaning that “goes beyond” _____
the conscious and the unconscious
goes beyond what can be sensorily perceived or understood by reason
What is an archetype?
- “general representative model”
- inherited universal mental structures that precede consciousness
- deeply ingrained in our nervous system
- are aware of archetypes through symbols/archetypical representations
Archetypes are a bit like _____ of the mind.
- organs!
- sub-parts of mind that have different inherited functions
What is the “persona” (Jung)?
- key archetype
- persona means “to speak through” like a theatre mask
- social mask or role individual presents to outside world
- can represent occupation or any social role
- there is a difference between the real self + the persona
- Ego decides what persona to put on!!
Where does the persona live in Jung’s model?
- at junction of consciousness + external reality
What is the “shadow” (Jung)?
- key archetype
- represents darker/hidden aspects of an individual’s personality
- parts of self that we may not be fully aware of
- can include negative traits, desires, fears, impulses that aren’t consistent w person’s conscious self-image
Where does the shadow live in Jung’s model?
personal unconscious
What are the “anima” and the “animus”? (Jung)
- inner opposite gender aspects of individual’s psyche
- anima: for men, inner feminine aspect of psyche
- animus: for women, inner masculine aspect of psyche
Where do the anima and animus live in Jung’s model?
collective unconscious
How many general personality archetypes did Jung outline? Where do they live?
- 12! (4 categories; explore spirituality, leave legacy, pursue connection, provide structure)
- live in collective unconscious
What 3 examples were given of archetypical representations of personality archetypes?
- marvel superheros
- greek gods
- characters in movies/TV (eg Lord of the Rings)
What is individuation?
- Jung
- process of making the unconscious conscious
- lifelong process of becoming one’s true and unique self
- involves integrating all conscious and unconscious aspects of personality
- this is a big point of difference w Freud! (doesn’t exist in Freudian theory)
How does Jung distinguish the Ego vs the Self?
Ego: how I perceive myself
Self: totality of what I am
Who is Philemon? What archetype is he a representation of?
- old man who speaks to Jung in his dreams
- archetype of the sage
In Jung, the unconscious wants ______
to become conscious! (we just have trouble listening to it)
How were the examples of Alice in Wonderland and symbols painted in caves linked to archetypes?
- Rabbit in Alice is archetypical rep. of jester; brings Alice into her unconscious
- old symbols in caves might come from our unconscious! (symbols?)
The ____ is a representation of the archetype of the self in that it represents _______
mandala; represents wholeness, unity, no beginning or end
(endless process of trying to find the center of the circle)
According to Jung, the “self” manifests itself to the conscious mind as ____
the idea of God! (this is where a lot of scientists thought Jung was a bit crazy)
Jung: the idea of God is something that ____ to oneself. It is not something that is rationally deduced, but something that _____.
These types of experiences are called _______
“happens”; something that we “feel”
numinous experiences
According to Dr. Roy, Jung and Descartes are very different thinkers in general, but converge on one point. What is it?
- thoughts about God!
- Descartes: lesser can’t give rise to greater; God is an idea that happens to us
- much like Jung’s numinous experiences
Carl Jung’s work stands between ____ and _____
- theology and psychology!
- theologists think he is trying to psychologize God
- psychs think he talks about God too much
According to Jung, what is the strong empirical reason for which we should cultivate thoughts that can never be proved like God? This goes against which thinker?
- idea of a world without God is very depressing (“tale told by an idiot”) bc there is no meaning!
- this tale told by an idiot is basically Shoppenhauer’s perspective
What was the original goal of behaviourism?
to make psychology a science of behaviour and not a science of the mind
Where does comparative psychology come from? What is it’s main goal?
- comes from Darwinian concept of continuity between animals and humans
- wants to compare animal vs human minds
- mind as inference!!
The term “behaviour” comes from ______ psychology.
comparative/animal
How does behaviour relate to animal mind/consciousness?
- intended to complement animal mind, not replace it
- behaviour is a way to have a clue that there is a mind/consciousness in animals
Lloyd Morgan: behaviour is whatever can ______
potentially reveal the presence of a mind!
According to Lloyd Morgan, we can use _____ to _____ the potential presence of a mind
introspection to infer
How can we apply Lloyd Morgan’s method to determine if these things are behaviour?
- man running after a bus
- heart beating
- dog up on hind legs trying to touch doorknob
- snail stretching neck to drink water
BUS
- if you imagine being that man, you would be conscious of running after the bus to catch it
- can infer the potential presence of a mind so we can call this behaviour!
HEARTBEAT
- if you imagine being that man, you wouldn’t have impression that you are voluntarily controlling heartbeats
- can’t infer potential presence of mind so we can’t call this behaviour
DOG
- if imagine being dog, get impression that you are asking for someone to open the door
- can infer potential presence of mind, so is behaviour!
SNAIL
- if imagine being snail, get impression you are stretching neck to drink the water
- can infer potential presence of a mind, so is behaviour!
What is Lloyd Morgan’s “criterion of mind”?
- only way to infer the presence of a mind from another living being is by observing its actions
In the US in the 20th century, there was a strong preference for ____ vs ____ explanations of society
naturalistic vs historical
According to social Darwinism, our social structures are the result of ______
a natural selection process
In the 20th century, there was a movement to ground sociology and psychology in _____
biology!
so applied term “behaviour” to these fields to make them more objective and scientific
Watson’s 1913 paper “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it” is also known as ____. It was published around the same time that _____’s work was quite popular.
the behaviorist manifesto! (this is what made him famous)
Titchener (whose whole method was introspection…)
What was the main purpose of Watson’s Behaviorist Manifesto?
- to criticize introspection as a psychological method
- we should abandon the study of the mind and focus on behaviour!
What did Watson think of comparative psychology?
- didn’t go far enough!! (bc it still uses introspection)
Watson: the theoretical goal of behaviorism is ______
the prediction and control of behaviour
**note he does not say goal is to understand behaviour
Watson’s 1919 book “psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist” was likely inspired by ___
Pavlov!
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian ____
physiologist!
Pavlov was inspired by (vitalistic/mechanistic) physiology
mechanistic!!
Pavlov got a Nobel prize for his studies on ____
digestion!! (he was special in the field bc he was an excellent surgeon as well as a researcher)
Why did Pavlov start looking at conditioned reflexes?
- in studies on digestion, noticed that animals started salivating when he put them into the apparatus (bc they were used to getting fed!)
What is the unconditioned reflex (Pavlov)?
- unconditioned stimulus (eg food) causes an automatic unconditioned response (salivation)
What is the conditioned reflex (Pavlov)?
- through repeated pairings w food, being put in experimental apparatus becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response (salivation)
What is generalization (Pavlov)?
- a stimulus resembling the CS will produce the same effect!
What is differentiation (Pavlov)?
- a stimulus resembling the CS doesn’t produce the same effect (learn to distinguish the two!)
What is experimental neuroses (Pavlov)?
- if you reach limits of differentiation (gradually make stimulus very hard to distinguish), animals become agitated and try to escape
- “neurosis” produced by ambiguity of the CS (one stimulus but two meanings)
- competition between spread of activation and spread of inhibition
What is the name of the mechanism we now know is behind conditioning?
long term potentiation
What is the “spread of activation” (Pavlov)?
- like ripples of neuronal activity
- when ripples from two areas (CS and UCS) are set off at same time, they join and become associated so that eventually the CS will always activate the UCS
How did Pavlov’s use of conditioning differ from that of behaviorists?
- Pavlov used it as a means of generating data (ultimate goal to understand brain physiology)
- behvaviourists used it as an explanation for adaptive behaviour (don’t care ab brain physiology)
According to Watson, the 3 innate emotions are ___, ____, and ____. This is similar to ____
fear, anger, and love
similar to Freud’s Thanatos and Eros
According to Watson, only the fear of ___ and ____ are innate. Other emotional reactions/fears evolved through _____
heights and very loud/intense stimuli
evolved through learned association w 3 basic emotions!
Describe Watson’s Little Albert experiment. What were the UCR, UCS, CR, and CS?
- 11mo infant
- presented w white lab rat; loudly struck metal bar as he reached for rat to pet it (jumped and cried on 2nd attempt)
- for weeks after, Albert displayed fear responses when presented w the rat
- fear generalized! (also afraid of Santa’s beard)
- UCR: fear
- UCS: metal bar
- CR: fear
- CS: rat
When Watson moved to New York in the 1920s, he got a job at ______ and also taught at the New School for _______
an advertising agency (4-5x salary he had at Hopkins)
New School for Social Research
What is radical environmentalism?
- environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than hereditary or a person’s physical constitution in determining behaviour
Watson’s most important book, _______(1924) made what somewhat extreme claim?
- “Behaviourism”
- he could take a dozen healthy infants and take them into his own specified world to raise them and make them into any type of specialist he wanted (regardless of genes)
- example of radical environmentalism
What kind of behaviorists were:
- Watson
- Pavlov
- Hull
- Tolman
- Skinner
- Watson: classical behaviorist
- Pavlov: classical behaviorist (but more of a physiologist)
- Hull: neo-behaviorist
- Tolman: neo-behaviorist
- Skinner: neo-behaviorist
What is neo-behaviorism?
- psychological perspective; evolved from classical behaviorism
- incorporates the study of cognitive processes
- acknowledges the role of internal cognitive processes like thinking, memory, and perception in understanding behavior
(T/F) Clark Hull founded neo-behaviorism
FALSE (but he is a great example of one!)
What is mechanistic behaviorism?
- learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among many variables (eg habit strength, drive strength and stimulus intensity)
Define the elements of Hull’s equation:
sEr = sHr x D x V x K
Excitatory potential (sEr):
Habit strength (sHr):
Drive strength (D):
Stimulus intensity (V):
Incentive (K):
- Excitatory potential (sEr): likelihood that the organism would produce response r to stimulus s
- Habit strength (sHr): derived from previous conditioning trials
- Drive strength (D): how much you want the thing
- Stimulus intensity (V): eg easier to condition fear of snake vs something else
Incentive (K): how appealing the result of the action is
Edward Tolman completed his PhD at Harvard in 1915 under the supervision of Hugo Munsterburg (the prof who replaced ______)
William James!
What animal did Tolman primarily use in his research?
rats
What is latent learning?
- one of Tolman’s core ideas
- idea that learning can occur w/o reinforcement
- there are some gaps in old vision of behaviorism!
What is purposive behaviorism
- Tolman
- animal and human behaviour is motivated by goals
- eg rats only used knowledge of maze layout once a reward was available
Describe Blodget and Tolman’s maze experiment
- put rats in a maze with potential food reward at finish
- group 1 had food day one, grp 2 day 3, grp 3 day 7
- some learning took place before rewards, but huge drop in errors as soon as food was introduced
- suggests rats had learnt the layout of the maze before there was a reward (latent learning) but only used it when a goal was introduced (purposive behaviorism)!!
How does Tolman distinguish between molar and molecular behaviour? Which does he think is more important?
- molar: general goal-directed behaviour (eg getting to end of maze)
- molecular: minute sequence of events used to attain goal (eg specific sequence of left/right turns)
