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PSYC 403 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does Aristotle refute Empiricism?

A
  • bc it’s based on inductive reasoning that can never lead to certain truth
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2
Q

Why does Aristotle refute Rationalism/Innatism

A
  • doesn’t make sense to say we know something that we can’t know
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3
Q

When can we be certain of our conclusions when using deductive vs inductive reasoning?

A

Deductive
- can be certain of conclusion if premises are valid and we follow rules of logic
- ex All humans are mortal, Socrates is human SO Socrates is mortal

Inductive
- can’t be certain of conclusion!
- ex all swans we have seen so far are white SO all swans are white (NOPE)

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps (syllogism) of deductive reasoning?

A
  • Major Premise
  • Minor Premise
  • Conclusion
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5
Q

What is the problem with deductive reasoning?

A
  • how do we get the premises in the first place?
  • 2 options: empirical generalization OR deduction from other premises
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6
Q

According to Aristotle, there are first, _____, principles (self-evident truths). To get to them, we have to start from ______. We do this using the process of ______.

A

axiomatic
particulars (observations)
induction!

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7
Q

What are the 4 steps of induction (Aristotle)

A
  • Sensation
  • Memory
  • Organized Experience
  • Intuitive Apprehension of Universal/Essence
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8
Q

Sensation (1st step of induction; Aristotle)

A
  • 5 senses + their integration
  • perceive universe indirectly through senses
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9
Q

Memory (2nd step of induction; Aristotle)

A
  • additional capacity vs other animals
  • tissues of sensory organs are like wax tablet; can imprint from external stimuli (basis of memory)
  • elderly ppl have poor memory bc of decay, kids bc of rapid growth
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10
Q

Organized Experience (3rd step of induction; Aristotle)

A
  • regrouping/classifying memories as function of diff laws of association
  • Contiguity, Contrast, Similarity, Frequency
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11
Q

Intuitive Apprehension of Universal/Essence

A
  • abstract form from particulars (form is essence, what is preserved across diff exemplars)
  • abstract universal idea, not empirical generalization
  • we have innate potential to abstract universals from particulars
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12
Q

Explain the 4 laws of association within the Organized Experience step of induction (Aristotle)

Hint: C, C, S, F

A
  • Contiguity: when we think of something, we think of things that occurred with it (more spatially based)
  • Contrast: when we think of something, we think of it’s opposite as well
  • Similarity: when we think of something, we think of things similar to it
  • Frequency: the more often 2 things occur together, the stronger they become associated (foundations of behaviourism in 20th century!!)
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13
Q

Aristotle’s epistemology: we have an innate _____ to ______ universals from _______

A

potential to abstract universals from particulars

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14
Q

Differentiate the 4 main epistemological positions in Philosophy (Empiricism, Rationalism, Rational Empiricism, Skepticism)

A

Empiricism: generalization based on sensations
Rationalism: innate knowledge
Rational (moderate) Empiricism: innate capacity for developing knowledge but have to start w observations
Skepticism: no Truth, everything is relative

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15
Q

What is fundamentalism? Which main epistemological positions fit into fundamentalism (3)?

A
  • there is a capital T Truth ab external world
  • Empiricism, Rationalism, Rational Empiricism
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16
Q

According to Aristotle, forms are _______. They are ____ the object.

A

Immanent; IN

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17
Q

How did the greeks pronounce “psyche”

A

psuche

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18
Q

According to Dr. Roy, what is the best translation of the title of Aristotle’s book “De Anima”?

On psyche
On the soul
On life

A

On life!

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19
Q

According to Aristotle, what defines a living thing is not what it is made out of but ________

A

the way it is structured

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20
Q

According to Aristotle, what differentiates living things from non-living things?

A

The soul (NOT supernatural)

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21
Q

According to Aristotle, the soul is the _____ of a living body

A

FORM
- it is the organization of that body
- it is the life of that body when it is alive

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22
Q

“If the axe had a soul, its soul would be ______”

A

cutting
(form is not the shape, it is whatever reveals the true essence of the thing)

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23
Q

According to Aristotle, form is not the shape, it is ___________

A

whatever reveals the true essence of the thing

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24
Q

What is Aristotle’s Scale of Nature?

A
  • hierarchical ordering of life forms bounded by simple plants at the bottom and human beings at the top
  • hierarchy of soul functions
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25
Q

Another name for Aristotle’s Scale of Nature is Aristotle’s ____ of _______

A

Hierarchy of Soul Functions

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26
Q

What are the 5 tiers of the pyramid in Aristotle’s Scale of Nature?

A

MIND: nous, reason, intellect

Locomotive

Appetitive: “capacity for motivated behaviour”
Sensory: sensations, conscious feelings, appetites

Nutritive: nourishment, reproduction, health

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27
Q

According to Aristotle, pain and pleasure:

  • Accompany ______
  • Are present in _______
  • Guide _______
  • Are related to MORALITY: we must _____
  • We learn to associate during _____
  • Are _____ between individuals
  • Are _____ processes (pain driven out by pleasure and vice-versa)
A
  • Accompany EVERY ACTION
  • Are present in ANIMALS and HUMANS
  • Guide our DECISIONS
  • Are related to MORALITY: we must pursue the RIGHT pleasures
  • We learn to associate during INFANCY
  • Are DIFFERENT between individuals
  • Are ANTAGONISTIC processes (pain driven out by pleasure and vice-versa)
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28
Q

What is practical reason (Aristotle)?

A

What we should do; what is right

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29
Q

How does maslow’s hierarchy of needs relate to Aristotle?

A

similar to his hierarchy of soul functions!

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30
Q

Summarize the story of Oedipus Rex

A
  • Laios becomes tutor of son of Pelops, king of Ellis and rapes him; child hangs himself
  • Pelops and Apollo curse Laios and descendants; Oracle reveals Laios is doomed to perish by hand of his own son
  • Laios asks shepherd to abandon baby in the wilderness but shepherd gives baby to King & Queen of Corinth who adopt
  • Oedipus grows up, gets prophecy that he will marry his mother and kill his father
  • Oedipus flees Corinth to avoid prophecy, accidentally kills Laios in a quarrel over passage; marries his bio mother
  • There is a plague in Thebes, Oracle says murderer of Laios needs to be found to cease the plague; Oedipus sees prophet who tells him he is the criminal he is seeking
  • Iokaste tries to comfort him by saying that prophecies aren’t always true, her husband was killed by a random bandit and not their son
  • Oedipus understands that he has murdered his father and married his mother
  • Iokaste hangs herself, Oedipus takes out his eyes
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31
Q

Who are the following characters in the story of Oedipus Rex?

Labdakos
Laios
Oedipus
Iokaste (Jokasta)
the son of Pelops
Apollo
King and Queen of Corinth

A

Labdakos: Oedipus’ grandpa
Laios: Oedipus’ father, rapes son Pelops, killed by son
Oedipus: son of Laios and Iokaste, marries own mom
Iokaste (Jokasta): mother and wife of Oedipus
the son of Pelops: raped by Laios, dad is King of Ellis
Apollo: protector of the youth, curses Laios
King and Queen of Corinth: adopt baby Oedipus

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32
Q

What is the common Greek maxim that the chorus repeats at the end of Oedipus Rex

A

“no man should be considered fortunate until he is dead”

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33
Q

Why was the story of Oedipus Rex told in class?

A
  • humans can’t escape suffering
  • display tragedy in theatre, hope of catharsis
  • illustrates the Greek obsession w tragedy
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34
Q

According to the Greeks, why is there evil and what causes suffering?

A
  • philosophy cannot provide a rational explanation
  • it is fate (Moira; 3 fates)
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35
Q

What is the original sin? (Book of Genesis)

A
  • God gave Humans capacity to decide own actions (free will)
  • humans have let evil into this world; it’s their fault
  • original sin is Eve taking the apple
  • BUT can’t say this is all human’s fault bc they have to be tempted by something (in this story the snake)
36
Q

(Empiricism/Rationalism):
We get knowledge from our sensations

A

Empiricism

37
Q

(Empiricism/Rationalism):
We can’t trust our senses, we have to use logic to gain knowledge

A

Rationalism

38
Q

Divide the following thinkers into Empiricists and Rationalists:

Leibniz
Locke
Hume
Descartes
Kant
Berkeley
Spinoza
Bacon

A

Leibniz: Rationalist
Locke: Empiricist
Hume: Empiricist
Descartes: Rationalist
Kant: combines Empiricism and Rationalism
Berkeley: Empiricist
Spinoza: Rationalist
Bacon: Empiricist

Empiricists: Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, (Kant)
Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, (Kant)

39
Q

Empiricism has a tendency to lapse into _____

A

skepticism!

40
Q

What are 2 kinds of skepticism and one similar/related concept?

A

External world skepticism: we cannot know what lies behind our sensations (veil of ideas)

Inductive skepticism: we cannot know if patterns found in past will also hold for the future

Phenomenalism: our concept of the “world” is just a concept of a patterned collection of sensations

41
Q

In the 17th century, we moved from a ____ model to a _____ model of the universe

A

geocentric (earth as center) to heliocentric (sun as center)

42
Q

What was the problem with the Julian calendar?

A
  • 3 x 365 days + 1 x 366 days
  • was becoming out of phase bc one day was missed every 134y (was now 11 days short in 16th century)
  • fixed by skipping 11 days in October and adopting new Gregorian calendar
  • Nicolaus Copernicus was involved in new calendar!
43
Q

Copernicus heliocentric model:
- _____ at the center of the universe
- orbit of the earth around the sun is ____ years (vs daily orbit of sun around earth)
- Earth spins around its axis in ____ days

A
  • SUN at the center of the universe
  • orbit of the earth around the sun is 1 YEAR (vs daily orbit of sun around earth)
  • Earth spins around its axis in 1DAY
44
Q

Why did Copernicus wait until the year of his death (1543) to publish his heliocentric model?

A
  • several “flaws” (things we didn’t have explanations for)
  • no real practicality over existing model bc both use epicycles
  • if earth spins on axis, why aren’t objects flung from surface? why do things we drop fall down in a straight line?
  • wouldn’t starts appear closer/further as earth moves around sun?
  • why does moon orbit earth and not sun?
45
Q

In 1600, how did Keppler realize he could get rid of epicycles in heliocentric model?

A

by using elliptical orbits! (wasn’t taken seriously)

46
Q

What 3 key observations did Galilei make using his telescope in 1609 that confirmed Copernicus’ heliocentric model?

A
  • Jupiter had 4 moons (not everything orbits earth)
  • size of Mars and Venus changed in cycles (impossible if they orbit around earth)
  • Venus had phases like the moon (could not be perfectly lit in geocentric model!) KEY EVIDENCE!!
47
Q

What was the response of the Catholic church to Galilei’s work on the Copernicus model?

A
  • put book in index of prohibited books
  • saw his ideas as threatening
  • Galilei ended up publishing model in a novel where a character defends his heliocentric model (character defending the views of the church was called Simplicius lol)
  • after a trial, he was placed on house arrest in 1633
48
Q

What 4 thinkers/writers were included in the Catholic Church’s “Index librorum prohibitorum” (banned books)

A
  • Copernicus
  • Galilei
  • Voltaire
  • Alexandre Dumas
49
Q

From approx the years 400-1600, most of philosophy was used to _______

A

justify religion!

50
Q

16th century skepticism: ______, not ______ must be the primary guide to truth

A

faith, not reason

51
Q

Why did we talk about the European Wars of Religion?

A
  • used religion as main guide to truth, but caused lots of arguments bc you can’t prove logically that one religion is right/better
  • approx 10mil casualties (10% of Europe’s total pop.)
  • ex of Saint-Berthelemy (catholics massacred protestants during a celebration)
52
Q

Who is considered the father of empiricism?

A

Francis Bacon

53
Q

The term “scientist” was first coined by philosopher of science _________ in 1833. Before that, scientists were called __________.

A

William Whewell; natural philosophers

54
Q

What was Francis Bacon’s “main” job? What did he argue for?

A

diplomat; he argued for “public” financing of science (one of first to argue this)

55
Q

According to Bacon, what is the cultural mandate given by God to Adam and Eve?

A
  • creation —> sin —> redemption
  • we need to stop arguing and righting and appreciate the beautiful world God gave us
  • our redemption is science!
56
Q

Bacon: “knowledge is power”, but this power should be guided by ____ and _____

A

true religion and right reason

57
Q

What concept from Aristotle’s induction did Bacon dislike?

A

intuitive apprehension (abstract universal idea, not empirical generalization, from particulars)

58
Q

What other fields did Bacon’s work ressemble?

A
  • basic chem and bio (very systematic)
  • many associate his methods to kind of scientific work that is now bad for environment
59
Q

What were the 3 kinds of Observation Tables bacon used?

A

Table of presence: cases in which 2 properties appear tgth
Table of absence: cases where one appears w/o other
Table of varying degrees: cases where more/less of one leads to more/less of other

60
Q

Rene Descartes’ plan was to try to learn ______

A

everything

61
Q

Rene Descartes was a _____ who lived in ______

A

French philosopher who lived in the Netherlands

62
Q

Who was behind the method of Pre-emptive skepticism?

A

Rene Descartes

63
Q

What is Pre-emptive skepticism?

A
  • Descartes
  • new method needs to be able to present arguments that can be defended by skepticism
64
Q

What two big questions did Descartes ask?

A

What can I know? How can I know?
- we need to try to find a certain method to acquire knowledge so we can solve all of nature’s problems
- this led to pre-emptive skepticism

65
Q

Who suggested that an Evil demon employs its whole energies in deceiving people and that therefore all external things are illusions created by the demon?

A

Descartes

66
Q

Descartes wanted to find _______ from which we could deduce all knowledge

A

one self-evident truth

67
Q

Who said “I think therefore I am”?

A

Descartes (one thing he can’t doubt!)

68
Q

How would Descartes argue that God is real and is good?

A
  • I think therefore I am
  • I think of God
  • Lesser can’t give rise to greater (idea has to be implanted by God himself)
  • God is good; God wouldn’t deceive me; so evil creature can’t exist and we can trust our senses!
69
Q

Who came up with mind-body dualism? What is it?

A
  • Descartes
  • dissociation btw Subject and Object
  • soul stirs the body (free will)
70
Q

According to Descartes, which living creatures have souls and which do not?

A

Only humans have souls; other animals are automatons

71
Q

What did Descartes claim was the interface between mind and body?

A
  • the Pineal Gland
  • did dissection on cadavers, found optic nerves and where they cross (optic chiasm)
  • pineal gland is how eyes talk to our soul
72
Q

According to Descartes, how to body and mind interact?

A
  • influence each other
  • body can influence mind through passions (eg pain,hunger)
73
Q

How would Descartes explain the feeling of pain from putting your foot in a fire?

A
  • spirits from fire move up nerve to pineal gland to communicate with the soul
74
Q

What is the Res Extansa (Descartes)

A

“thing that takes up space” (body)

75
Q

What is the Res Cognitans (Descartes)

A

“thing thinking” (mind)

76
Q

How does Descartes distinguish emotion vs reason

A
  • emotion = passions
  • animal spirits circulate in body and cause passions of the soul (eg wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, sadness)
  • passions influence soul to want certain actions
  • BUT mind (reason) has to dominate in the end
77
Q

How can we use therapy as an analogy to explain Descartes’ thinking?

A

Going to therapy is like getting a better rational understanding of your passions!

78
Q

What is the “clockwork universe”?

A
  • Descartes
  • God has created a self-perpetuating machine such that he didn’t have to constantly watch over his creation
  • rejected existance of any immaterial “force” besides the human soul
  • universe is made of material objects moving in space; all other properties are mental
79
Q

According to Descartes, the Universe is made of _________. All other properties are ______.

A

material objects moving in space; all other properties are mental (eg colours, smells, etc)

80
Q

What math thing you learn in elementary school comes from Descartes’ work?

A

Cartesian plan! (4 way grid with pos/neg quadrants)

81
Q

Who formulated the first laws of physics?

A

Newton!

82
Q

What observation of Galilei’s did Newton use to start formulating the first laws of physics?

A
  • Galilei observed that the trajectory of a cannonball is a parabola
  • but what prevents a cannonball from leaving orbit? Objects are attracted to one another as a function of their mass!
83
Q

What is the name of the 1687 book by Newton that explains all mvmts of universe w 3 laws and idea of gravity?

A

Principia Mathematica

84
Q

1st law of physics

A

Inertia
- object at rest remains at rest unless acted on by unbalanced force; object in motion continues w same speed/direction unless acted upon by unbalanced force

85
Q

2nd law of physics

A
  • Force = mass x acceleration
  • acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass
  • the greater the mass, the more force needed to accelerate the object
86
Q

3rd law of physics

A
  • for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • think rocket ship: forward mvmt is reaction, jet propulsion is action
87
Q
A

PSYC 403 (10 decks)

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