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Microbio > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The use of drugs to treat disease

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2
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

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3
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance produced by a microbe that in small amounts inhibits another microbe

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4
Q

Selective toxicity

A

A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging a host

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5
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

Competitive inhibitors
Early antimicrobial drugs,
Sulfonamides = interfere with microbial folic acid synthesis

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6
Q

Bacitracin

A

Topical application against gram +

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7
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide , important “last line” against antibiotic resistant S. Aureus (causes hallucinations)

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8
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A
  1. Enzymatic destruction of drug
  2. Prevention of penetration of drug, cell receptor is blocked
  3. Alteration of drug’s target site
  4. Rapid ejection of the drug, bacteria pumps out waste AND the antibiotic
    Resistance genes are often on plasmids or transposons
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9
Q

Human effects of antibiotic resistance

A

Misuse of antibiotics leads to mutations. Misuse includes using antibiotics for common cold or other inappropriate condition.
Use of antibiotics in animal feed (BIG CAUSE)

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10
Q

Synergism

A

When the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

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11
Q

Antagonism

A

When the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

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12
Q

Antimicrobial Peptides

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics from plants and animals include Squalamine (Shark), Protegrin (pig), Magainin (frog)

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13
Q

Antisense Agents

A

Complementary DNA or peptide nucleic acids that bind to a pathogen’s virulence genes and prevent transcription

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14
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx
Caused by S. Pneumoniae, S. Pyogenes

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15
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx , throat

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16
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils
Caused by S. pneumoniae, S. Pyogenes

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17
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinuses

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18
Q

Epiglotitis

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis
Caused by H. Influenzae

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19
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal passages

20
Q

Otitis media

A

Inflammation of the middle ear (Part of upper respiratory because of eustaChian/ auditory tubes connection to the mouth

21
Q

Upper respiratory microbiota

A

Many of the normal upper respiratory microbiota may include pathogens

22
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)

A

Caused by streptococcus pyogenes
Resistant to phagocytosis
Streptokinases Lyse clots
Streptolysins are cytotoxic
Diagnosis by indirect agglutination

23
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Pharyngitis
Erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized S. Pyogenes

24
Q

Diphtheria

A

Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram-positive rod)
Diphtheria membrane of fibrin, dead tissue, and bacteria
Diphtheria toxin produced by lysogenized C. Diphtheriae
Prevented by DTaP and Td vaccine (diphtheria toxoid)
Cutaneous diphtheria = infected skin wound leads to slow healing ulcer

25
Q

Otitis media

A

Most cases caused by S. Pneumoniae or H. influenzae
Treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics
Incidence of S. Pneumoniae infection reduced by vaccine

26
Q

Common Cold

A

Viral infection of the upper respiratory system
Rhinoviruses (50%) 2 to 3 days
Coronaviruses (15-20%) 5 to 10 days , attached to ACE receptors
Rhinoviruses attached to ICAN-1 on nasal mucosa

27
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the windpipe, trachea, and bronchi

28
Q

Bronchialitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

29
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the alveoli where fluid replaces airspace

30
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Caused by Bordetella pertussis, gram - coccobaccilus , capsule
Tracheal cytotoxin of cell wall damages ciliated cells
Pertussis toxin
Prevented by DTaP vaccine (acellular pertussis cell fragments)

31
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acid-fast rod. Transmitted from human to human
M. Bovis accounts for < 1% of US cases, transmitted from cattle to humans
M. Adium-intracellulare , complex infects people with late stage HIV infection
Diagnosis = tuberculin skin test , + test is current or previous infection
Followed by X-ray or CT

32
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

Caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae , gram + encapsulated diplococci
Diagnosis by culturing bacteria
Penicillin is drug of choice

33
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae pneumonia

A

Haemophilus = blood loving
Caused by gram - coccobacillus
Alcoholism , poor nutrition, cancer, or diabetes are predisposing factors
If diagnosed early, 2nd gen cephalosporins are very effective

34
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

A

Pleomorphic, wall-less bacteria
Also called primary atypical pneumonia and walking pneumonia
Common in children and young adults
Diagnosed by PCR or by IgM antibodies

35
Q

Legionellosis

A

Legionella pneumophila: gram - rod
Found in water
Transmitted by inhaling aerosols
Tx: erythromycin
Incident was at a legionnaires meeting, they showered with this river water that was contaminated

36
Q

Psittacosis (ornithosis)

A

Chlamydia psittaci: gram - intracellular bacterium
Transmitted by inhaling elementary bodies from bird dropping to humans
Reorganizes into reticulate bodies after being phagocytized
Tx: tetracycline
Psittacots genus = parrots
Ornithosis = comes from birds
It is a chlamydia = obligate inteacellular parasite

37
Q

Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetti , gram - rod.
Highly resistant to high temp, osmotic pressure, and UV.
Makes a small cell variant that looks like a sport, has a large active cell and a small resistant cell

38
Q

Viral Pneumonia

A

Viral pneumonia is a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox
Viral etiology suspected if no cause determined
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
-common in infants, 4500 deaths annually
-causes cell fusion (syncytium) in cell culture
-symptom is coughing
Tx: Ribavirin

39
Q

Influenza

A

Symptoms: Chills, fever, headache, muscle aches (NO INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS)
1% mortality due to secondary bacterial infections
Tx: Amantadine , weakens immune system, interferes with healing processes
Vaccine for high risk individuals
Typical duration = 7-10 days
Flu is more contagious than covid!!

40
Q

Hemagglutinin (H)

A

Spike proteins used for attachment to host cells for the influenza virus

41
Q

Neuraminidase (N)

A

Spike proteins used to release influenza virus from cell

42
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Changes in H and N spikes
Probably due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting the same cell

43
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes
May involve only 1 amino acid
Allows virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies

44
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, dimorphic fungus (grows like a yeast cell in body)
Transient infection in a non immunocompromised individual
Transmitted by airborne conidia from soil
Tx: amphotericin B

45
Q

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. Carinii) found in healthy human lungs
Pneumonia occurs in newly infected infant and immunosuppressed individuals
Tx: timethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Used to be very common killer in AIDS patients

Microbio (14 decks)

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