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Microbio > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial diseases of the Digestive System

A

Transmitted in food and water
Fecal oral cycle is one way of transmission
Fecal - oral can be broken by proper sewage disposal, disinfection of drinking water, proper food preparation and storage

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2
Q

Normal microbiota of digestive system

A

More than 300 species in the mouth
Large numbers in large intestine (coliforms) including Bacteroides
E. Coli
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Lactobacillus (found in skin and dairy)
Proteus

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3
Q

Dental Caries

A

cavities
Dextran dissolves enamel , leaves a space where the bacteria streptococcus mutans grows and its wastes are seen as the dark markings of cavity

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4
Q

Mumps

A

Mumps virus
Enters through respiratory tract
Infects parotid salivary glands
It’s a childhood infection
Prevented with MMR vaccine

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5
Q

Bacterial disease of the lower digestive system

A

Symptoms usually include diarrhea, gastroenteritis, dysentery (bloody diarrhea)
Tx with fluid and electrolyte replacement before antibiotic
Incubation of virus can be 12hrs to 2 wk
Sometimes cause by ingestion of a toxin (food poisoning)

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6
Q

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

A

The most common type of food poisoning
Staphylococcus ends up on food from hands
Room temperature storage causes growth of staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus entertoxin is a superantigen

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7
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi
Bacteria spread throughout body in phagocytes
1-3% recovered patients become carriers, harboring Salmonella in their gallbladder

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8
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae serotypes that produce cholera toxin.
Secretes toxin in presence of other competing microbes
Toxin causes host cells to secrete Cl- , HCO- , water

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9
Q

Noncholera Vibrios

A

Usually from contaminated crustaceans or mollusks

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10
Q

Campylobacter Gastroenteritis

A

Usually transmitted in cow’s milk

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11
Q

Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis

A

Occurs as traveler’s diarrhea and epidemic diarrhea in nurseries
Enterohemorrhagic strains like E. Coli O157:H7 produce Shiga toxin, and are found in 50% of feedlot cattle
O = cell wall antigen
H = flagella antigen

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12
Q

Helicobacter Peptic ulcer disease

A

H. Pylori causes stomach cancer
It can be found in the saliva and is passed from person to person.

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13
Q

Yersinia Gastroenteritis

A

Y. Enterocolitica and Y. Pseduotuberculosis
Can reproduce at 4C (psychotroph)
Usually transmitted in meat and milk

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14
Q

Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis

A

This is why you must wash fruits and veggies before consumption
Grow in intestinal tract producing exotoxin

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15
Q

Rotavirus (viral gastroenteritis)

A

3 million cases annually
1-2day incubation, 1 week illness
Starts as sore throat and progresses down into the stomach and intestines

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16
Q

Norovirus

A

50% of US adults have antibodies
Most common virus in the US.
1-2 day incubation , 1-3 day illness
Treated with rehydration
“Stomach bug”

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17
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Produced by some fungi
Clavicles purpurea
Grows on grains, produces ergot (a toxin that restricts blood flow to limbs, causes hallucination

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18
Q

Aspergillus flavors

A

Grows on grains
Produces aflatoxin
Causes liver damage/ live cancer

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19
Q

Giardiasis (Protozoa)

A

Giardia lamblia
Trasmitted by contaminated water
“Hikers curse”
Diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool for ova and trophozoite
Treated with metronidazole

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20
Q

Cryptosporidiosis (Protozoa)

A

HAS MYCOLIC ACID ONLY EXCEPTION
Cryptosporidium parvum
Transmitted by oocysts in contaminated water
Diagnosed by acid-fast staining of stool or prescence of antibodies by FA or ELISA
Treated with oral rehydration

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21
Q

Cyclospora Diarrheal infection

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis
Transmitted by oocytes in contaminated water
Tx with trimehoprim and sulfamethoxazole

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22
Q

Amoebic Dysentery

A

Entamoeva histolytica
Amoeba feeds on RBCs and GI tract tissues
Diagnosis by observing trophozoites in feces
Treated with metronidazole

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23
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis may result from drug or chemical toxicity, EB virus, CMV, or the Hepatitis virus

24
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Transmission: Fecal-Oral
Caused by Picornaviridae
Does not cause chronic disease
Vaccine used is Inactivated

25
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Transmission: Parenteral & STD
Caused by Hepadnaviridae
Causes chronic disease
Vaccine used is recombinant

26
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Transmission:
Parenteral
Caused by Filoviridae
Chronic disease
Vaccine used is DNA

27
Q

Hepatitis D

A

Transmission:
Parenteral, HBV coninfection
Caused by deltaviridae
Chronic disease
Vaccine used is HBV vaccine

28
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Similar to HAV
Transmission: fecal-oral
Caused by Caliciviridae
No chronic disease
No vaccine, mild symptoms

29
Q

Tapeworms

A

Taenia species
Transmitted by cysticerci in undercooked meat
Cysticerci May develop in humans
Diagnosed by observing proglottids and eggs in feces
Tx with praziquantel
RARE Neurocysticercosis may require surgery (tape worm grows into and along nerve and connects with brain)

30
Q

Hydatid Disease

A

Echinococcus granulosus
Always goes to the brain
Definitive host: dogs, wolves
Intermediate host: sheep, other herbivores, humans
Tx is surgical

31
Q

Sepsis (septicemia)

A

Bacteria growing in the blood

32
Q

Bacteria that cause sepsis

A

Gram neg =
Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease
Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing more bacteria releasing more endotoxin
Gram pos (more common) =
Nosocomial infections
caused by staphylococcus aureus (mersa)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Group B streptococcus
Enterococcus faecium and E. Faecalis
Puerperal Sepsis
Childbirth fever

33
Q

Endocarditis (bacterial infection of the heart)

A

Inflammation of the endocardium
Subacute type : alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth (can be caused by dental procedures)
Acute type : Staphylococcus aureus from mouth (requires congenital condition)

34
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Inflammation of heart valves
Autoimmune complication of streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) infections

35
Q

Tularemia

A

Francisella Tularensis , gram neg rod
Transmitted from rabbits and deer flies
Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes

36
Q

Brucellosis (undulant fever)

A

Brucellosis, gram neg rob that grow in phagocytes
B. Abortus (elk, bison, cows)
B. Suis (swine)
B. Melitensis (goats, sheep, camels)
Undulating fever
Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact with infected animals

37
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis , gram pos , endospore forming aerobic rod
Cutaneous Anthrax
20% mortality, endospores enter through minor cut
Found in soil
Cattle are routinely vaccinated
Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline

38
Q

Gangrene

A

Death of soft tissue
Steps are :
1. Ischemia
2. Necrosis
3. Gangrene

39
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens
Gram pos
Endospore forming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue by entering through cut

40
Q

Plague

A

Yersinia pestis , gram neg rod
Reservoir = rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs
Vector is the rat flea
Bubonic plague = bacterial growth in blood and lymph
Septicemia plague =
Septic shock
Pneumonic plague = bacteria in the lungs

41
Q

Relapsing Fever

A

Borrelia , spirochete
Reservoir = rodents
Vector = ticks
Successsive replaces are less severe

42
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Borrelia burgdorgeri
Reservoir = deer
Vector = ticks
Symptoms =
1st phase : bull’s eye rash
2nd : irregular hb , encephalitis (brain swelling)
3rd : Arthritis
The compounding symptoms from each phase is what kills you

43
Q

Typhus (epidemic)

A

Epidemic typhus
Caused by rickettsia prowazekii
Reservoir = rodents
Vector = Lice (pediculus humanus corporis)
Transmitted when louse feces rubbed into bite wound

44
Q

Typhus (endemic murine)

A

Rickettsia typhi
Reservoir = rodents

45
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia rickettsii
Measles like rash except that the rash appears on palms and soles

46
Q

Burrito’s Lymphoma

A

Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, malaria and AIDS patients
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Caused by HSV 4

47
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis “mono”

A

Epstein-Barr virus (HSV 4)
Childhood infections are asymptomatic
Transmitted via saliva
Characterized by proliferation of monocytes

48
Q

Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease

A

Cytomegalovirus (HSV 5)
Infected cells swell (cyto mega)
Latent in WBCs
May be asymptomatic or mild
Transmitted across the placenta , may cause mental retardation
Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue

49
Q

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A

Cause the lysis of blood cells

50
Q

Yellow Fever

A

Flavivirus
Vector is mosquito
Reservoir is monkeys

51
Q

Dengue Fever

A

Flavivirus
Vector is 2 different mosquitos
No known reservoir

52
Q

Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s’ Disease)

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi
Reservoir = rodents, opossums, armadillos
Vector = reduviid bug (kissing bug, bites around the lips)

53
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax, P. Ovale, P. Malariae , P. Falciparum
Mosquitos are parasites that control the population of the mammals they feed on
We don’t have the mosquitos that transmit Malaria in the USA
Unique in that it evolved to become deadlier
People with sickle cell anemia do not develop symptoms of malaria
As climate changes , places become warmer, climate can become hospitable for Anopheles mosquito

54
Q

Leishmania (babesiosis)

A

Replicates in RBCs
Causative agent = Babesia microti
Vector = ticks
Reservoir = rodents
Tx: Atovaquone & axithromycin
Found in US

55
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Found in artificial lakes
Causes tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs lodging in tissues

Microbio (14 decks)

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