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Microbio > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ____

A

composed of cells

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2
Q

Define spontaneous generation

A

The belief that Life arose from non-living matter because of a vital force

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3
Q

Who showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork?

A

John Needham

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4
Q

What did the work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn do?

A

Demonstrated that some bacteria were heat resistant and discovered Endospores

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5
Q

The word microbe includes microorganisms and?

A

Viruses

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6
Q

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the?

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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7
Q

Scientific Method steps

A
  1. Observe and question
  2. Develop possible explanation and test with an experiment
  3. Collect data and draw conclusion
  4. Communicate the methods, results, and conclusions
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8
Q

Scientist that produced results supporting spontaneous generation by showing that broths that had been boiled and sealed with a cork still produced microorganisms

A

John Needham

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9
Q

Scientist credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan neck flasks

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Organisms that populate the human body and protect it from disease are called?

A

Normal Microbiota or flora

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11
Q

A testable explanation for an observation is called?

A

A hypothesis

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12
Q

Reasons Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms

A
  1. Cheaper to study
  2. Multiply very quickly
  3. Have the same fundamental genetic properties
  4. Have the same basic metabolic mechanisms
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13
Q

Term used for any disease causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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14
Q

Term used for any disease causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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15
Q

What killed more people in 1918-1919 that died in several major wars?

A

Influenza

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16
Q

Foods manufactured by microbial fermentation

A

Yogurt, beer, cheese

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17
Q

What is Plague?

A

A bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas

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18
Q

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?

A

Diseases whose incidence has rapidly increased in the last several decades

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19
Q

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

Membrane-bound organelles are only found in what cell type?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

The 3 domains all living organisms are classified under:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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22
Q

Only shared feature of all microbes

A

Small size

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23
Q

2 parts of the scientific name of an organism

A

Genus and species

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24
Q

Most bacteria divide by what process?

A

Binary fission

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25
Q

List the microbial eukaryotes

A

Helminths, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae

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26
Q

Microscopic fungi that are single-called are called____, and those that are multicellular and filament out are called _____

A

Yeasts, mold

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27
Q

Fungi obtain nutrients by?

A

Secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

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28
Q

Similarities between Archaea and bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cell structure, multiply by binary fission, use same energy sources, and have similar shapes and sizes

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29
Q

Characteristics of algae

A

Eukaryotic, uni or multicellular, photosynthetic, move by flagella

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30
Q

Algae and Protozoa are also referred to as?

A

Protists

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31
Q

How do fungi gain energy?

A

By degrading organic materials through enzymatic secretion

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32
Q

The acellular infectious agents

A

Viruses, viroids, and prions

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33
Q

A large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes multicellular seaweeds and man single cell forms

A

Algae

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34
Q

In algae, where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In Chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy

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35
Q

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the?

A

Cell Capsule

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36
Q

In prokaryotes, the cell’s chromosome is found in what region?

A

The nucleoid

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37
Q

2 macromolecules that are the MAJOR components of cytoplasmic membranes

A

Lipids and proteins

38
Q

The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of ?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and cell capsule

39
Q

Molecules that can freely pass through phosolipid bilayers

A

Small hydrophobic compounds, O2, CO2, N2, and water

40
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Molecules that pass freely across the cytoplasmic membrane

41
Q

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the?

A

Cell envelope

42
Q

The name of transporters that move waste products and other toxic compounds out of the cytoplasm

A

Efflux pumps

43
Q

A transport mechanism rarely used by prokaryotic cells

A

Facilitated diffusion, concentration of nutrients is usually higher within the cell that outside of the cell

44
Q

Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of?

A

Bacteria

45
Q

The form of energy used for active transport is either?

A

ATP or Proton Motive Force

46
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A strong, mesh-like material found only in bacteria. Basic structure is an alternating series of 2 major subunits related to glucose: N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG).

47
Q

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by?

A

Thick layer of Peptidoglycan

48
Q

A process used to move certain enzymes and other proteins out of a cell

A

Secretion

49
Q

The outer membrane of Gram-negative cells is a lipid-bilateral that contains?

A

lipopolysaccharide

50
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

To prevent the cell from bursting

51
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is referred to as?

A

Endotoxin

52
Q

Gram-negative cell walls have ____ Peptidoglycan than Gram-positive cell walls

A

Less

53
Q

Bacteria of what genus do not have cell walls? What does this naturally make them resistant to?

A

Mycoplasma, naturally resistant to the antibiotic penicillin which targets the cross-linking between Peptidoglycan layers in cell walls

54
Q

Component of gram-negative cells but not of gram-positive

A

The outer membrane

55
Q

While Archaea do not have Peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have a similar molecule called?

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan

56
Q

Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a?

A

Slime layer

57
Q

The motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called?

A

Flagella

58
Q

Many archaea have sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits that are called?

A

S-layers

59
Q

A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called?

A

a capsule

60
Q

The bacterial chromosome

A

Typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule containing all the essential genetic information of the cell

61
Q

It was previously thought that bacteria lacked a network of interior proteins that provide support and strength to the eukaryotic cell called?

A

cytoskeleton

62
Q

3 components of a bacterial flagellum

A

Filament, hook, basal body

63
Q

Accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess are called?

A

Storage granules

64
Q

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access?

A

Light and oxygen as sources of energy

65
Q

2 most common examples of endospore-forming genera

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

66
Q

An endospore is?

A

A dormant cell type that provides protection against starvation conditions (lack of nutrients in the environment)

67
Q

A vegetative cell is?

A

A typical, multiplying cell

68
Q

Gas vesicles

A

Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells

69
Q

An endospore can be triggered to ____ by brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals. The results is the formation of a vegetative cell

A

Germinate

70
Q

Compared to sporulation, the process of germination is?

A

Much shorter. Sporulation = 8 hr process
Germination = 1-2 hr process

71
Q

Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, are they outside of the cell?

A

No, because they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

72
Q

In Eukaryotes, what size is the cytoplasmic ribosome?

A

80S, made up of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit

73
Q

Primary role of actin in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells

A

Movement of cytoplasm

74
Q

A bright-field microscope ____

A

Transmits light through a specimen to illuminate the field evenly

75
Q

The ability to show detail in an enlarged image, aka resolution

A

Resolving power

76
Q

The maximum resolving power of the best light microscope is approx

A

0.2um

77
Q

When observing live organisms, the specimen is prepared with a drop of liquid on which a coverslip has been placed. This is called?

A

A wet mount

78
Q

Specially modified light microscope that uses UV light source

A

Fluorescence microscope

79
Q

Resolving power is the ability of a microscope to?

A

accurately distinguish between 2 separate objects

80
Q

Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)

A

Can be used to obtain a detailed interior view of intact cells that have been stained with a fluorescent dye

81
Q

What microscope can be used to get detailed interior views of cells that have been stained with a fluorescent dye?

A

Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)

82
Q

A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen

A

Simple staining

83
Q

A procedure that requires the use of 2 dyes to stain a specimen

A

Differential staining

84
Q

4 steps of Gram staining:

A
  1. Smear is flooded with Primary Stain (crystal violet) that stains all cells
  2. Smear is rinsed to remove excess dye and then flooded with Gram’s iodine, a mordant. Strengthens dye’s adhesion to cell
  3. Rinsed then Decolonizing agent (usually alcohol) is added. This quickly removes the dye-iodine complex from Gram-neg but not gram-pos bacteria
  4. Rinsed then Secondary stain or Counterstain is added. Gives different color to the now colorless gram-neg bacteria. Safranin is used which colors cells pink.
85
Q

Crystal violet

A

Primary stain

86
Q

Safranin

A

Counterstain

87
Q

Alcohol

A

Decolorizer

88
Q

Iodine

A

Mordant

89
Q

Staining that is used to detect and identify Mycobacterium species in clinical specimens

A

Acid-fast staining

90
Q

The capsule stain shows the capsule as?

A

A clear area surrounding the cell. Dye stains the background dark

Microbio (14 decks)

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