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Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ____

A

composed of cells

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2
Q

Define spontaneous generation

A

The belief that Life arose from non-living matter because of a vital force

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3
Q

Who showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork?

A

John Needham

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4
Q

What did the work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn do?

A

Demonstrated that some bacteria were heat resistant and discovered Endospores

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5
Q

The word microbe includes microorganisms and?

A

Viruses

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6
Q

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the?

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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7
Q

Scientific Method steps

A
  1. Observe and question
  2. Develop possible explanation and test with an experiment
  3. Collect data and draw conclusion
  4. Communicate the methods, results, and conclusions
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8
Q

Scientist that produced results supporting spontaneous generation by showing that broths that had been boiled and sealed with a cork still produced microorganisms

A

John Needham

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9
Q

Scientist credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan neck flasks

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Organisms that populate the human body and protect it from disease are called?

A

Normal Microbiota or flora

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11
Q

A testable explanation for an observation is called?

A

A hypothesis

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12
Q

Reasons Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms

A
  1. Cheaper to study
  2. Multiply very quickly
  3. Have the same fundamental genetic properties
  4. Have the same basic metabolic mechanisms
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13
Q

Term used for any disease causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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14
Q

Term used for any disease causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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15
Q

What killed more people in 1918-1919 that died in several major wars?

A

Influenza

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16
Q

Foods manufactured by microbial fermentation

A

Yogurt, beer, cheese

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17
Q

What is Plague?

A

A bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas

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18
Q

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?

A

Diseases whose incidence has rapidly increased in the last several decades

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19
Q

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

Membrane-bound organelles are only found in what cell type?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

The 3 domains all living organisms are classified under:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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22
Q

Only shared feature of all microbes

A

Small size

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23
Q

2 parts of the scientific name of an organism

A

Genus and species

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24
Q

Most bacteria divide by what process?

A

Binary fission

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25
List the microbial eukaryotes
Helminths, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae
26
Microscopic fungi that are single-called are called____, and those that are multicellular and filament out are called _____
Yeasts, mold
27
Fungi obtain nutrients by?
Secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment
28
Similarities between Archaea and bacteria
Prokaryotic cell structure, multiply by binary fission, use same energy sources, and have similar shapes and sizes
29
Characteristics of algae
Eukaryotic, uni or multicellular, photosynthetic, move by flagella
30
Algae and Protozoa are also referred to as?
Protists
31
How do fungi gain energy?
By degrading organic materials through enzymatic secretion
32
The acellular infectious agents
Viruses, viroids, and prions
33
A large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes multicellular seaweeds and man single cell forms
Algae
34
In algae, where does photosynthesis take place?
In Chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy
35
The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the?
Cell Capsule
36
In prokaryotes, the cell’s chromosome is found in what region?
The nucleoid
37
2 macromolecules that are the MAJOR components of cytoplasmic membranes
Lipids and proteins
38
The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of ?
Cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and cell capsule
39
Molecules that can freely pass through phosolipid bilayers
Small hydrophobic compounds, O2, CO2, N2, and water
40
Simple diffusion
Molecules that pass freely across the cytoplasmic membrane
41
The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the?
Cell envelope
42
The name of transporters that move waste products and other toxic compounds out of the cytoplasm
Efflux pumps
43
A transport mechanism rarely used by prokaryotic cells
Facilitated diffusion, concentration of nutrients is usually higher within the cell that outside of the cell
44
Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of?
Bacteria
45
The form of energy used for active transport is either?
ATP or Proton Motive Force
46
Peptidoglycan
A strong, mesh-like material found only in bacteria. Basic structure is an alternating series of 2 major subunits related to glucose: N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG).
47
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by?
Thick layer of Peptidoglycan
48
A process used to move certain enzymes and other proteins out of a cell
Secretion
49
The outer membrane of Gram-negative cells is a lipid-bilateral that contains?
lipopolysaccharide
50
Function of the cell wall
To prevent the cell from bursting
51
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is referred to as?
Endotoxin
52
Gram-negative cell walls have ____ Peptidoglycan than Gram-positive cell walls
Less
53
Bacteria of what genus do not have cell walls? What does this naturally make them resistant to?
Mycoplasma, naturally resistant to the antibiotic penicillin which targets the cross-linking between Peptidoglycan layers in cell walls
54
Component of gram-negative cells but not of gram-positive
The outer membrane
55
While Archaea do not have Peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have a similar molecule called?
Pseudopeptidoglycan
56
Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a?
Slime layer
57
The motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called?
Flagella
58
Many archaea have sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits that are called?
S-layers
59
A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called?
a capsule
60
The bacterial chromosome
Typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule containing all the essential genetic information of the cell
61
It was previously thought that bacteria lacked a network of interior proteins that provide support and strength to the eukaryotic cell called?
cytoskeleton
62
3 components of a bacterial flagellum
Filament, hook, basal body
63
Accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess are called?
Storage granules
64
Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access?
Light and oxygen as sources of energy
65
2 most common examples of endospore-forming genera
Bacillus and Clostridium
66
An endospore is?
A dormant cell type that provides protection against starvation conditions (lack of nutrients in the environment)
67
A vegetative cell is?
A typical, multiplying cell
68
Gas vesicles
Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells
69
An endospore can be triggered to ____ by brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals. The results is the formation of a vegetative cell
Germinate
70
Compared to sporulation, the process of germination is?
Much shorter. Sporulation = 8 hr process Germination = 1-2 hr process
71
Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, are they outside of the cell?
No, because they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane
72
In Eukaryotes, what size is the cytoplasmic ribosome?
80S, made up of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit
73
Primary role of actin in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
Movement of cytoplasm
74
A bright-field microscope ____
Transmits light through a specimen to illuminate the field evenly
75
The ability to show detail in an enlarged image, aka resolution
Resolving power
76
The maximum resolving power of the best light microscope is approx
0.2um
77
When observing live organisms, the specimen is prepared with a drop of liquid on which a coverslip has been placed. This is called?
A wet mount
78
Specially modified light microscope that uses UV light source
Fluorescence microscope
79
Resolving power is the ability of a microscope to?
accurately distinguish between 2 separate objects
80
Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)
Can be used to obtain a detailed interior view of intact cells that have been stained with a fluorescent dye
81
What microscope can be used to get detailed interior views of cells that have been stained with a fluorescent dye?
Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)
82
A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen
Simple staining
83
A procedure that requires the use of 2 dyes to stain a specimen
Differential staining
84
4 steps of Gram staining:
1. Smear is flooded with Primary Stain (crystal violet) that stains all cells 2. Smear is rinsed to remove excess dye and then flooded with Gram’s iodine, a mordant. Strengthens dye’s adhesion to cell 3. Rinsed then Decolonizing agent (usually alcohol) is added. This quickly removes the dye-iodine complex from Gram-neg but not gram-pos bacteria 4. Rinsed then Secondary stain or Counterstain is added. Gives different color to the now colorless gram-neg bacteria. Safranin is used which colors cells pink.
85
Crystal violet
Primary stain
86
Safranin
Counterstain
87
Alcohol
Decolorizer
88
Iodine
Mordant
89
Staining that is used to detect and identify Mycobacterium species in clinical specimens
Acid-fast staining
90
The capsule stain shows the capsule as?
A clear area surrounding the cell. Dye stains the background dark

Microbio (14 decks)

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