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Medical microbiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonotic viruses?

A

Zoonotic viruses are viruses that are transmitted from animals to humans.

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2
Q
  1. Why are zoonotic viruses harder to control?
A

Zoonotic viruses are harder to control because they can have different hosts and can mutate quickly

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3
Q
  1. What is a chronic viral infection?
A

A chronic viral infection is an infection that lasts for a long time, sometimes for the rest of a person’s life

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4
Q
  1. What is a latent infection?
A

A latent infection is an infection where the virus remains dormant in the body for an extended period of time, with the potential to reactivate and cause symptoms later on.

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5
Q
  1. What is virology?
A

Virology is the study of virus structures, lifestyle and pathogenesis.

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6
Q

What are the types of nucleic acid found in viruses?

A

Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes.

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7
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of viruses?
A

Viruses are small in size, obligate intracellular parasites, have DNA or RNA genomes, and are transmitted by receptor binding proteins.

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8
Q
  1. How are viruses classified?
A

Type of nucleic acid, number of strands, polarity of viral RNA genome, symmetry of nucleocapsid, presence or absence of lipid envelope

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9
Q
  1. What is the difference between positive and negative sense RNA genomes?
A

Positive sense RNA genomes can be immediately translated, while negative sense RNA genomes need to be converted to positive sense before translation.

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10
Q
  1. How do viruses recognize target cells?
A

Viruses have viral attachment proteins that attach to cell surface receptors.

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11
Q
  1. What are the steps in viral replication?
A

The steps in viral replication are recognition of target cell, attachment, penetration and uncoating, replication, and assembly and release.

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12
Q
  1. How does a retrovirus replicate?
A

Retroviruses use their own reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy, which is then integrated into the host cell genome and transcribed by host cell machinery to produce new viral RNA and proteins

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13
Q
  1. Where are viruses assembled and how are they released?
A

DNA viruses are assembled in the nucleus, RNA viruses are assembled in the cytoplasm, and retroviruses are assembled at the cell membrane. Polio and non-enveloped viruses are released by lysis of cells, while HIV and influenza and enveloped viruses are released by budding.

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14
Q
  1. What is viral pathogenesis?
A
  • Viral pathogenesis is the mechanism by which viruses cause disease.
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15
Q
  1. How is measles spread?
A
  • Measles is spread by respiratory droplets.
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16
Q
  1. Where does measles enter and infect in the body?
A
  • Measles enters the blood and infects most epithelial surfaces.
17
Q
  1. What causes the rash in measles?
A
  • The rash in measles is due to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.
18
Q
  1. What does the rash in measles indicate?
A
  • The rash in measles indicates that the infection is being resolved.
19
Q
  1. What is shingles?
A
  • Shingles is the chickenpox virus that can reemerge from a latent infection in nerve tissue.
20
Q
  1. How is shingles spread?
A
  • Shingles is spread by respiratory droplets.
21
Q
  1. How long is the incubation period for shingles?
A
  • The incubation period for shingles is approximately 7-14 days.
22
Q
  1. Can you get shingles from someone else who has it?
A
  • You cannot get shingles from someone else as it is a latent infection.
23
Q
  1. What are the modes of transmission for viruses?
A
  • The modes of transmission for viruses include sexual contact, blood, mother to child, faecal-oral, and respiratory by inhalation of droplets.
24
Q
  1. What are the different viral entry routes?
A
  • The different viral entry routes include skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva, and medical procedures.
25
Q
  1. What is an incubation period?
A
  • An incubation period is the time between exposure and onset of disease
26
Q
  1. What are the types of infections?
A
  • The types of infections include acute infection, which is divided into recovery with no long term effects, recovery with relapse after recovery, and death, and chronic infection, which includes latent infection and persistent production of virus.
27
Q
  1. What are cytopathic effects (CPE)?
A
  • Cytopathic effects (CPE) are morphological changes in the host cell that result from viral replication.
28
Q
  1. What is/ causes transformation?
A
  • Transformation is when some viruses alter genetic material causing cancer and is caused by Hep B and C, HTLV-1, Epstein Barr virus, HPV, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma virus.
29
Q
  1. What host factors determine disease development and severity?
A
  • Host factors that determine disease development and severity include age, gender, genetic background, co-morbidities, and immune status.
30
Q
  1. What are the types of viral diagnostics?
A
  • The types of viral diagnostics include electron microscopy, serology, virus culture, antigen detection, and molecular techniques.

Medical microbiology (13 decks)

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