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Medical microbiology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three clinically important chlamydia human pathogens?

A

The three clinically important chlamydia human pathogens are C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci.

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2
Q

What are the common diseases caused by C. trachomatis?

A

The common diseases caused by C. trachomatis include STD and ocular infections.

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3
Q

What are the common diseases caused by C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci?

A

The common diseases caused by C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci include RTI.

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4
Q

What are the features of chlamydia?

A

The features of chlamydia include small obligate intracellular parasites, lack of ATP synthesis, and a rigid cell wall similar to gram-negative bacteria.

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5
Q

What is the major difference in structure between gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia?

A

The major difference in structure between gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia is that chlamydia lack the typical peptidoglycan layer as they lack muramic acid.

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6
Q

What are the two distinct morphologies of chlamydia?

A

The two distinct morphologies of chlamydia are elementary bodies and reticulate bodies.

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7
Q

Which form of chlamydia is infectious?

A

The elementary bodies of chlamydia are the infectious form.

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8
Q

Which form of chlamydia is a metabolically active replicating form?

A

The reticulate bodies of chlamydia are a metabolically active replicating form.

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9
Q

What do reticulate bodies have that elementary bodies don’t?

A

The major difference is that chlamydia reticulate bodies have a common LPS but elementary bodies do not.

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10
Q

What is expressed on the surface of chlamydia elementary bodies and is immunodominant?

A

Major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) are expressed on the surface of chlamydia elementary bodies and are immunodominant.

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11
Q

What do MOMPs contain?

A

MOMPs contain genus, species, and serovar specific epitopes.

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12
Q

What is the chlamydia lifecycle?

A

An elementary body attaches via specific receptors to the surface of the epithelial cell.
The chlamydia particle is engulfed, and DNA and RNA synthesis begin. The elementary body converts to a reticulate body inside the developing chlamydial inclusion.
The reticulate bodies multiply 200-500 fold by binary fission.
Chlamydial DNA condenses, and reticulate bodies reorganize back to infectious elementary bodies.
The host cell lyses, releasing infectious elementary bodies into the body.

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13
Q

What is the length of the chlamydia lifecycle?

A

The length of the chlamydia lifecycle is 72 hours.

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14
Q

What type of cells does Chlamydia infect?

A

Chlamydia infects epithelial cells of mucous membranes.

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15
Q

What type of cells does C. Trachomatis infect?

A

C. Trachomatis infects monocytes and macrophages.

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16
Q

How many serovars of C. Trachomatis are there?

A

There are 15 serovars of C. Trachomatis.

17
Q

What do Serovars A-C of C. Trachomatis cause?

A

Serovars A-C of C. Trachomatis cause Trachoma.

18
Q

What do Serovars D-K of C. Trachomatis cause?

A

Serovars D-K of C. Trachomatis cause urogenital infections, with mostly asymptomatic infections in women and mostly symptomatic infections in men. They also cause cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, conjunctivitis, epididymitis, and urethritis.

19
Q

How can neonatal conjunctivitis be caused by C. Trachomatis?

A

Neonatal conjunctivitis can be caused by mothers with active genital infection, and 50% of infants develop atypical pneumonia 5-11 weeks later.

20
Q

What do Serovars L1-L3 of C. Trachomatis cause?

A

Serovars L1-L3 of C. Trachomatis cause - Lymphogranuloma venereum- LGV.

21
Q

What Serovars are most invasive C. Trachomatis ?

A

Serovars L1-L3 of C. Trachomatis are more invasive than other types.

22
Q

What are the three stages of clinical course for Serovars L1-L3 of C. Trachomatis?

A

The three stages of clinical course for Serovars L1-L3 of C. Trachomatis are primary, secondary, and tertiary.

23
Q

What happens in the tertiary stage of LGV infection?

A

In the tertiary stage of LGV infection, which happens in the latent period of years (but is rare due to treatment), untreated LGV leads to fibrosis causing lymphatic obstruction and genital elephantiasis in either sex.

24
Q

How is Trachoma infection transmitted?

A

Trachoma infection is transmitted by personal contact like hands, clothes, bedding, and direct inoculation.

25
Q

What are the stages of Trachoma infection?

A

The stages of Trachoma infection include follicular, intense, scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity.

26
Q

How is C. Pneumoniae spread?

A

C. Pneumoniae is spread person to person by respiratory secretions.

27
Q

What is the incubation period for C. Pneumoniae?

A

The incubation period for C. Pneumoniae is 3 weeks.

28
Q

Can C. Psittaci be transmitted from person to person?

A

C. Psittaci can be transmitted to humans from birds, but person to person transmission is rare.

29
Q

What is the incubation period for C. Psittaci?

A

The incubation period for C. Psittaci is 1-2 weeks.

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. Psittaci?

A

The pathogenesis of C. Psittaci involves inhalation of dried bird excrement, urine, and respiratory secretions. The bacteria then spread to the liver and spleen where it multiplies, and disseminates to the lungs and other organs through the blood. The lungs have an inflammatory response in the alveoli spaces causing edema, necrosis, hemorrhage.

31
Q

What are the two types of mycoplasmataceae?

A

The two types of mycoplasmataceae are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma.

32
Q

What are the characteristics of mycoplasma?

A

Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living bacteria, lack a cell wall and their cell membranes contain sterols, and are resistant to antibiotics that interfere with the synthesis of the cell wall.

33
Q

How do mycoplasma bacteria grow and divide?

A

Mycoplasma bacteria undergo binary fission and grow slowly, with a doubling time of 1-6 hours in cell-free media. They are facultative anaerobes, except for M. pneumoniae, which is a strict aerobe.

34
Q

What is the appearance of mycoplasma colonies?

A

Mycoplasma colonies appear as small colonies with a fried egg-like shape, except for M. pneumoniae, which has a granular appearance and is “mulberry”-shaped.

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae?

A

M. pneumoniae adheres to P1 pili, inhibits movement of cilia, and results in a persistent cough. It also acts as a superantigen and causes inflammatory cells to move to the site and release cytokines. Mild upper respiratory tract disease results in low-grade headache and dry cough, while lower respiratory tract disease results in tracheobronchitis and atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia.

36
Q

What is the frequency of m.pneumoniae epidemics?

A

Epidemics for M. pneumoniae occur every 4-6 years.

37
Q

Who (age) is most commonly affected by M. pneumoniae?

A

M. pneumoniae is most common in 5-15 year olds.

38
Q

What are the symptoms of atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma?

A

Atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma has a gradual onset with malaise, myalgia, sore throat, headache, nonproductive cough, no chest signs, and is limited to one of the lower or middle lobes, with a mild to long convalescence.

39
Q

How is mycoplasma diagnosed?

A

Mycoplasma is diagnosed with molecular tests such as ELISA for detection of IgM and IgG.

Medical microbiology (13 decks)

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