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Medical microbiology > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is human herpes virus?

A

Human herpes virus is a latent/lifelong infection resulting from primary infection and reactivation thereafter

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2
Q

Describe the structure of herpesviruses.

A

Herpesviruses are enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid and linear double-stranded DNA.

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3
Q

What are the phases of herpesvirus replication?

A

Herpesvirus replication has three phases: immediate early, early, and late.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of gingivostomatitis?

A

Symptoms of gingivostomatitis include fever, pharyngitis, vesicles in and around the mouth, and difficult eating, which will clear in 1-2 weeks.

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5
Q

What is a cold sore?

A

A cold sore is a reactivation of latent HSV-1/2.

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6
Q

How is genital herpes caused and transmitted?

A

Genital herpes is caused by HSV-2 and is sexually transmitted. Most cases are asymptomatic.

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7
Q

How is neonatal HSV-2 transmitted and what is the risk to the child?

A

Neonatal HSV-2 is usually caused from maternal genital secretions during delivery. There is a severe risk to the child if primary infection occurs during the 3rd trimester. Lesions of skin eyes mouth, CNS diseases/ encephalitis, disseminated disease

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8
Q

How is HSV1/2 treated?

A

Acyclovir is a treatment for HSV-1/2, which is a nucleoside analogue that mimics guanosine but lacks a 3’ hydroxyl group that allows DNA strand elongation. It inhibits viral DNA polymerase by halting replicating viral DNA chains.

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9
Q

How is herpes simplex virus diagnosed?

A

Herpes simplex virus is diagnosed by antigen detection, PCR, or direct visualization.

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10
Q

What is the target of HSV-2 (HHV-2)?

A

HSV-2 (HHV-2) targets the mucoepithelia.

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11
Q

What is the bioavailability of acyclovir like?

A

Acyclovir has poor bioavailability so is given by IV if high doses are needed or by oral products like valacyclovir.

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12
Q

What is the target of HSV-2 (HHV-2)?

A

HSV-2 (HHV-2) targets the mucoepithelia.

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13
Q

Where does HSV-2 remain latent?

A

HSV-2 remains latent in the neurons.

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14
Q

What are the infections caused by HSV-2?

A

HSV-2 causes genital and ocular infections and disseminated infections

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15
Q

What is the target of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) (HHV-3)?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) (HHV-3) targets the mucoepithelia.

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16
Q

Where does VZV remain latent?

A

VZV remains latent in the neurons.

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17
Q

What are the clinical syndromes of VZV?

A

VZV has two clinical syndromes- varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles) which is the reactivation of the latent virus.

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18
Q

What is the peak age of infection for VZV?

A

The peak age of infection for VZV is less than 5.

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19
Q

What is the progression of VZV lesions?

A

VZV lesions progress from macules to papules then vesicles which break down with crust formation.

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20
Q

When are VZV patients infectious?

A

VZV patients are infectious from 2 days before the rash to 4-5 days after/ until the vesicles have crusted.

21
Q

What are the complications of varicella?

A

secondary bacterial infection, pneumonitis, haemorrhagic chickenpox and encephalitis.

22
Q

What should be done for a baby with neonatal varicella infection?

A

The baby should be treated with acyclovir and VZIG.

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for zoster?

A

Zoster mechanism of action is the virus reactivates in ganglion, travels down sensory nerve, and forms a vesicular rash classically restricted to the dermatome supplied by that nerve.

24
Q

Who should be given acyclovir and VZIG?

A

Acyclovir and VZIG should be given to patients who are immunocompromised, pregnant, neonatal varicella, or varicella pneumonia.

25
Q

What is Varivax?

A

Varivax is a live attenuated vaccine preventing varicella.

26
Q

What is the age group given Shrigex and Varivax?

A

over 50s.

27
Q

What is Zostavax?

A

Zostavax is a live attenuated vaccine preventing zoster.

28
Q

What is Shrigix?

A

Shrigix is a subunit vaccine preventing zoster.

29
Q

What is the target of Epstein Barr virus (HHV-4)?

A

Epstein Barr virus (HHV-4) targets B-lymphocytes and epithelia.

30
Q

Where does Epstein Barr virus remain latent?

A

Epstein Barr virus remains latent in the B lymphocytes.

31
Q

What are the diseases caused by Epstein Barr virus?

A

Epstein Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis and tumours.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of mono?

A

Mono causes sore throat, fever, etc. Generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are seen.

33
Q

What are the 2 main cancers caused by Epstein Barr virus?

A

Burkitt’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma

34
Q

What is Endemic BL and what causes it?

A

Endemic BL is a childhood cancer commonly found in equatorial Africa, which causes a jaw tumor. It is caused by a C-myc translocation, leading to high expression of c-myc and high cell proliferation.

35
Q

What is Sporadic BL, and where does it typically present?

A

Sporadic BL is not located in the jaw and presents in lymph nodes and the abdomen.

36
Q

What else is associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with an infectious mononucleosis risk factor.

37
Q

what virus is Nasopharyngeal carcinoma linked to?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a type of cancer linked to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

38
Q

How can EBV be diagnosed?

A

EBV can be diagnosed through molecular techniques or serology.

39
Q

What types of cells does the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus (KHSV) target?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus (KHSV) targets B cells and endothelial cells.

40
Q

Where does KHSV remain latent, and what disease does it cause?

A

KHSV remains latent in B-lymphocytes and causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of tumor.

41
Q

In which patients is KHSV often found, and what can be its outcome?

A

KHSV is often found in AIDS patients and can be fatal.

42
Q

What does CMV (HHV-5) target, and in which cells does it remain dormant?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) targets the epithelia, monocytes, and lymphocytes. It remains dormant in monocytes, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells.

43
Q

How is CMV transmitted in babies, children, and adults?

A

CMV can be transmitted to babies across the placenta, birth canal, or breast milk. In children, it can be transmitted through saliva or urine, while in adults, it is often sexually transmitted.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of CMV, and in which groups of people can it cause complications?

A

CMV is usually asymptomatic but can cause complications in immunocompromised individuals (such as those with AIDS or transplant patients) and pregnant women.

45
Q

What can congenital and neonatal CMV cause?

A

Congenital and neonatal CMV can cause abnormalities, developmental delays, and hearing loss.

46
Q

What is the MOA of valganciclovir?

A

Valganciclovir is a nucleoside analogue that is phosphorylated by the viral UL97 protein and is incorporated into viral DNA, acting as a chain terminator. It is excreted by the kidneys and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Foscarnet is a second-line therapy.

47
Q

How is CMV tested?

A

CMV is tested for by cell culture and DEAFF testing.

48
Q

What types of cells does Herpes lymphotropic virus (HLV) (HHV-6) target, and what does it cause?

A

Herpes lymphotropic virus (HLV) targets T lymphocytes and causes roseola in babies.

49
Q

What does HHV-7 bind to, and in which type of cells does it replicate?

A

HHV-7 binds to the CD4 antigen and replicates in CD4+ T cells.

Medical microbiology (13 decks)

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