lecture 9

Question 1

ribolts law

Answer 1

temporal gradient of memory loss associated with retrograde amnesia

Question 2

retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

most recent memories (prior to amnesia) first affected

events prior to amnesia forgotten

Question 3

what did theodore ribolt find

Answer 3

relative preservation of old memories, but lost recently stored memories

Question 4

korsakoff syndrome

Answer 4

patients, often alcoholics, with syndrome involving memory loss

caused by lack of thiamine

good memory of stuff before dementia

confabulated memories

brain damage in mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus but not hippocampus

lower amount of activation in dorsomedial thalamus

Question 5

confabulate

Answer 5

fill in memory gap with false memories

Question 6

carl wernicke found (3 things)

Answer 6

syndrome involving gait ataxia, ophthalmoparesis and confusion that evolved into chronic amnesia

people experience deconstruction of areas around 3rd ventricle

mammillary bodies and dorsal thalamus related to memory function

Question 7

picks disease

Answer 7

frontal lobe degeneration led to difficulties accessing memory

Question 8

vladimir bekhterev

Answer 8

found medial temporal lobe softened in amnesic s

Question 9

what troubles did patient H.M face (2) according to William scoville

Answer 9

couldnt make new memories after surgery

couldnt remember names of people he just met

Question 10

What could H.M do well according to Brenda Milner? (4)

Answer 10

digit span test

drawing tracing task with mirror

could guess famous names when asked

incomplete memory task

Question 11

from the things H.M could do well, what did brenda conclude about his memory?

Answer 11

good short term memory

amnesia was global, not limited to one sensory modality

long term memory in diff tasks with improvement over days

has some semantic memory

Question 12

what were 2 major scientific contributions of H.M’s case?

Answer 12

evidence for distinct forms of memory (long term memory -> declarative and nondeclarative)

identified role of hippocampus in consolidation (not storage) of declarative memories

Question 13

what task showed declarative memory in non human animals?

Answer 13

delayed non matching to sample task

Question 14

what occured in delayed non matching to sample task?

Answer 14

to test object recognition memory, monkeys responded to unfamiliar stimulus in a pair of stimuli

monkeys were rewarded when they lifted the half ball (new item)

by training monkeys to pick the new item, teaches monkey that they have to assess both options and go back into their memory

by selecting new object, they use declarative memory and realize they’ll be rewarded for picking up this item

Question 15

results of delayed non matching to sample task

Answer 15

if we only destroy hippocampus, declarative memory is still pretty good

when we destroy areas around hippocampus, we see issue with declarative memory

Question 16

what are the implications from results of delayed non matching to sample task

Answer 16

suggests hippocampus part of larger formation network

Question 17

can alcoholics regain memory function later in life (korsakoff’s syndrome)

Answer 17

yes, if you put them on a diet rich in nutrients

Question 18

what are the frontal and prefrontal cortex rich in

Answer 18

dopaminergic neurons

Question 19

what are dopaminergic neurons involved in

Answer 19

personal memories

Question 20

what is basal ganglia helpful for

Answer 20

movement (skills like riding bike)

Question 21

what did the london taxi cab driver study conclude

Answer 21

posterior part of hippocampus is slightly larger in taxi drivers

the longer you drive a taxi, the larger your hippocampus becomes

Question 22

what is posterior portion of hippocampus rich in

Answer 22

place cells

Question 23

what area does conceptual priming rely on

Answer 23

left frontal lobe

Question 24

what area does perceptual priming rely on

Answer 24

visual cortex

Question 25

what is conceptual priming

Answer 25

its a word we are trying to recall

Question 26

what is perceptual priming

Answer 26

its about looking at images that evoke emotions, thoughts and memories

Question 27

what did PET studies find in humans for classical conditioning?

Answer 27

showed progressive increase in cerebellum activity during eye blink condition

confirming the original idea of classical conditioning ?

Question 28

true or false animals form a cognitive map

Answer 28

true

Question 29

is hippocampus crucial for spatial location learning?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

how do rats brains show that hippocampus is involved in spatial location learning

Answer 30

neurons selectively encode spatial location (maze example)

Question 31

when do place cells activate?

Answer 31

when in or moving toward a location

Question 32

how do birds show spatial memory in hippocampus?

Answer 32

some birds that hide food in many locations have larger hippocampus than birds who dont

Question 33

what type of memory was impaired in K.C?

Answer 33

impaired episodic memory

Question 34

where is semantic memory likely stored?

Answer 34

temporal lobe (medial and lateral)

Question 35

where is declarative memory likely stored?

Answer 35

right frontal cortex / lobe