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Infectious Diseases > Lecture 8 Zoonoses > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses

A

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans

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2
Q

Name examples of reverse zoonoses

A

Influenza (virus affecting birds, pigs)
‘Strep throat’ (bacteria affecting dogs)
Leishmaniasis (parasite affecting dogs e.g.)
Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)

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3
Q

Name bacterial zoonoses

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
E-coli (verotoxigenic)
Leptospirosis
Plague
Psittacosis (Ornitosis)
Q fever
Tularaemia
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4
Q

Name Viral zoonoses

A 
Rabies 
Avian influenza
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Ebola virus disease
Lassa Fever
Rift Valley fever
West Nile Fever
Yellow Fever
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5
Q

Name Parasitic zoonoses

A 
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Visceral larva migrans (toxocara
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6
Q

Name Fungal zoonoses

A

Dermatophytoses

Sporotrichosis

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7
Q

Name a prion zoonoses

A

CJD

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8
Q

What are common zoonoses in the UK

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
(Psittacosis – Chlamydophila psittaci)
(Q-fever - Coxiella Burnetti)
Ringworm/dermatophytosis
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9
Q

What is the incubation period in humans for rabies

A

2 weeks to several months

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10
Q

How does rabies causes acute encephalitis

A

Travels to the brain via peripheral nerves

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of acute encephalitis

A

Malaise, headache & fever

	- Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma
	- Over production of saliva & tears
 		- Unable to swallow & ‘hydrophobia’
	- Death by respiratory failure
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12
Q

How is rabies diagnosed

A

PCR of saliva or CSF

Often confirmed PM on brain biopsy

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13
Q

How can rabies be prevented after bite

A

Give post-exposure prophylaxis
Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
infiltrated round the bite (if possible)
+4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

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14
Q

Name 4 methods in which humans are infected with Brucellosis

A

During milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

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15
Q

What type of bacteria is Brucellosis

A

Small, gram negative coccobacilli

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16
Q

What is the incubation time of brucellosis

A

5-30 days (up to 6 months)

17
Q

What are the Acute symptoms of a Brucellosis infection

A 
Acute (now very rare in Scotland)
Last 1-3 weeks
High ‘undulant’ fever
Weakness, headaches
Drenching sweats
Splenomegaly
18
Q

What are the Subacute symptoms of a Brucellosis infection

A

Last over 1 month

Fever and joint pains (knee, hip, back SI joints)

19
Q

What are the Chronic symptoms of a Brucellosis infection

A 
Lasts for months or years
Flu-like symptoms  
Malaise  
Depression  
Chronic arthritis
Endocarditis  
Epididymo-orchitis  
Rarely meningism Splenomegaly
20
Q

What are the Subclinical symptoms of a Brucellosis infection

A

Most common

50% of exposed have positive serology

21
Q

How is Brucellosis treated

A

Long acting Doxycycline for 2-3 months + Rifampicin, or + intramuscular gentamycin for first week(s)
Add Cotrimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease

22
Q

How does Leptospirosis infect humans

A

Thin, highly mobile spirochaetes penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Leptospirosis infection

A

Undifferented fever; myalgia, headaches & abdominal pain

24
Q

How is Leptospirosis detected

A

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) requires paired sera
ELISA
PCR
Culture- take at least one week on special media

25
Q

How is Leptospirosis treated

A

Doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin for severe
AB may be more effective during early phase
Prompt dialysis
Mechanical ventilation

26
Q

What is the vector for Lyme borrelios

A

Ixodes genus

27
Q

Name a clinical feature of Lyme disease

A

Erythema Migrans
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atroficans (ACA)
Lymphocytoma
Neuroborreliosis(facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis)

28
Q

Who does ACA commonly affect

A

Elderly people

29
Q

What are the clinical features of ACA infection

A

Bluish-red discoloration over extensor surfaces – progresses over months to years to atrophic phase
Peripheral neuropathy common

30
Q

How is Lyme disease diagnosed

A 
Clinical diagnosis
ACA and Lymphocytoma clinical & high serology titres
Arthritis 
PCR
NB, clinical + laboratory findings
Neuro symptoms consistent with LNB 
CSF pleocytosis (WBC in CSF), often lymphocytic
Paired blood and CSF serolgoy
31
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme Disease

A

Oral Doxycycline or Amoxicillin, or IV Ceftriaxone

Most manifestations treat for 21 days (28 in arthritis or ACA)

Infectious Diseases (13 decks)

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