Lecture 8: women and men health Flashcards
1
Q
Sex
A
-Biological and physiological characteristics that define men or women
• Determined by genetics
• Often two sex categories: male and female
2
Q
Gender
A
- Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women
• Assumed through nurturing, learning and interacting with the socio-cultural environment
• Often falls on a continuum: masculine feminine
3
Q
Gender Equality
A
- Means the absence of discrimination on the basis of a person’s sex in opportunities, allocation of resources or benefits, and access to services
4
Q
Gender Equity
A
- Means fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits, power, resources and responsibilities between women and men
5
Q
Self-reported women vs men
A
- Women tend to report their health as being worse than men
- We know that generally across the globe women live longer than men,
- In the very poor countries we see the trend of lower self-reported health in women more
o More stigma associated with men reporting their health as men
o Differences in defying health between men and women in developing countries
o There are more women in poverty in these regions (more likely to be poor
6
Q
Life expectancy: women vs men
- Biological
- Social determinants
- Protective factors
A
- Men tend to live shorter lives than men
Biological reasons: - Female sex hormone estrogen tends to protect women against things like heart disease until they get older
- look up the strength of the male fetus
Social determinants of health - men are more likely to die by suicide, but women are more likely to attempt it
- men are more likely to take part in high risk activities
- men are also at greatest risk of dying during periods of high instability in their country
- men are more likely to die as a result of alcohol consumption, motor vehicle accidents, heart disease
- men are more likely to smoke
- men and stress,
- men are less likely to access health care services, and less likely to partake in preventative medicine and early screenings
protective factors - marriage is a protective factor for men
• prevents men from taking part in high risk activities as well as excessive use of drugs and alcohol
7
Q
Non-communicable diseases
M v W
A
- men and women generally suffer from similar non-communicable diseases, but men and women tend to experience them at different rates and different degrees of severity
- men experience non-communicable diseases earlier and more severely
- women are more likely to be diagnosed with non-fatal chronic illnesses such as arthritis, osteoporosis,
8
Q
Women and NCD
A
- experience more frequent illnesses and disabilities but these are not typically life-threatening; also face some unique biological risks
9
Q
Men and NCD
A
- experience more life-threatening diseases more permanent disabilities, and more earlier deaths
10
Q
Differences in Diagnosis and treatment
A
- specific for mental health conditions: women are more likely to be diagnosed with things such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks
- women might be more likely to experience stress however they are also more likely to talk about stress, so it is unknown
11
Q
SDoH W v M
A
- in many regions of the world, men and women are not equal in legal, economic and social rights (power dynamic)
12
Q
SDoH and women
A
- are more likely to be poor and suffer from poorer health, and be malnourished or undernourished
- gender inequalities may exist before they are even born: preference for male babies
- women tend to have reduced access to paid work
- they tend to have lower wages
- inequalities in how resources are allocated in families
- women have increased care responsibilities
- death in women and girls is often related to their environment
o if there is not enough food, women and girls are last to eat in that particular house hold
13
Q
SDoH in Men
A
- men are more likely to be exposed to occupational risks that result in health problems
- men are more likely to take part in high risk jobs
o first responders
o constructions
o emergency related work - men are more likely to take part in jobs that require them to handle hazardous or unsafe materials
- men are more likely to die from homicide or conflict
- women are at risk for sexual and intimate relationship violence, but gay men are also at risk for these types of violence
- experiences these types of violence’s increases your risk of divorce, substance and alcohol use and mental disabilities
14
Q
Barriers experienced by Women
A
- Responsible for the caregiving, therefore they are too busy
- Lack of control over resources to pay for healthcare services
- Might need to be accompanied by another individual, mandatory vs safety
- Women are more likely to be on prescription medications
15
Q
Barriers experienced by Men
A
- Seen as a sign of weakness
- Taking time of work to access services may be a problem if men are predominant bread winners
16
Q
Barriers experienced by both
A
- distance
- poor health literacy
17
Q
MDG’s and women’s health
A
- the gender gap in employment persists, with a 24.8% point difference between men and women in the employment-to-population ratio in 2012
- gender gaps in youth literacy rates are also narrowing. Globally 781 million adults, and 126 million youth lack basic reading and writing skills, more than 60% of them are women
- women had reasonable access to well-trained birth attendance
- looked at maternal health first couple months after pregnancies
18
Q
countries that achieved the 5th MDG (reduce maternal mortality deaths by ¾)
A
- Bhutan
- Cabo Verde
- Cambodia
19
Q
SDG’s and Women’s Health
A
- Focusing a lot of women and paid work, educational and vocational training, higher levels of education
- Looking at things to make schools safer
- Reducing the gender pay gap
- In most countries women are still underrepresented in government and parliament, judicial systems and civil service
