Lecture 16: ethics Flashcards
Ethical Dilemmas
A situation where there is no satisfying course of action
With very limited guidance and based on our own beliefs
Ethics
The beliefs, values or morals we use to determine what is right or wrong
Moral values: compassion, trustworthy, faithful
Professional values: behavioral indicators like accountable, social responsibility
Ethical Behavior
Being responsible for reasonably foreseeable consequences of your actions
Moral Principle (4)
Moral statement= In situation __ + Person__ + should do __
Moral sensitivity: ability to interpret situation accurately with limited facts, awareness of multiple ways to act and understands how choice will affect outcome
Moral judgement: ability to judge which action is right and which is wrong
Moral motivation: ability to prioritize moral values over personal and self-interest
Moral Character: acting morally even if people hate you for it. Hardest one to develop
Normative Ethics
Moral system that help people make decisions
Deontological Ethics
Focus on action
How well you can follow moral rules and duties.
Teleological Ethics
Focus on action
Which results will bring the most good. Acts are judged based on their consequences
Virtue Ethics
Developing good character traits based on moral decisions
Descriptive Ethics
Moral system of a group or culture
Bioethics
Application of ethics to healthcare
Global Ethics
Universal values, norms and global responsibilities
4 types of global ethics
Objective truth: truths about what is good and right
Subjectivism: individuals ethic based on their feelings
Pre-existing common core: based on what is universally accepted
Construction: norms and values contructed by consensus building
Ethical standards in Health care
Autonomy: enabling a client’s right to choose. Informed consent (aware of risks, benefits, alternatives, consequences if they don’t do it.
Beneficence: do what is in the best interest of the client. In global context, developed nations have to take care of developing countries
Nonmaleficence: do no harm
Justice: act with fairness
Veracity: be truthful
Fidelity: be faithful
Confidentiality:
Global Health Ethics
Normative, content, geographic
Normative global ethics
Values for responding to global trheats on a large scale
Ex. pandemics, natural disaters, poverty, research funding
Content global ethics
Macro and micro level issues at the current time
Ex. infectious disease in children and mothers
Geographic global ethics
Macro, need international collaboration
Ex. climate change, drug trafficking
Moral significance of health
Good health: limits suffering and enhances ones capacity to function and pursue opportunities
Health justice: reducing unfair or avoiding health inequalities
Moral significance of boundaries
Realists: argue that national boundaries limit ethical considerations
Pluralists: consider morality to be local
Cosmopolitans
World citizens
Every human has a moral duty to assist regardless of proximity
Cosmopolitan justice
Global health duty on all
Moral cosmopolitanism: stresses moral judgments and obligations as being universal
Political cosmopolitans: support institutions that mitigate the power of individual nations
Anti-cosmopolitans
Morality is local and if they do global help then it is for self-interest
Utilitarianism
Maximize the good/happiness and avoid suffering.
If we can help other at a low cost for us , then we should
Justice
Fairness to all and provide all people fair and equitable treatment
Distributive justice: equal distribution of goods
Compensatory justice: make up for past injustices
Procedural justice: first come first server, or alphabetical
Philanthropy
Voluntary action for public good
Voluntary action
Voluntary giving: gifts of money or property.
Voluntary service: gifts of time and talent
Voluntary association: vehicles for driving and service provision
Objectives: improve quality of life, meet peoples basic needs voluntarily
5 roles of Philanthropy
Service rule: provide human service and meet human needs
Advocacy rule: promote change for particular groups
Cultural role: provide a method for expressing values or traditions or other aspect of culture
Civic role: building communities and promote civic engagement
Vanguard role: new development of social innovation, inventions and experiments
Charity
Relieving suffering through giving money or items
Humanitarian assistance
Higher income countries helping those in lower income countries
Altruism
Selfless concern for the welfare of others
Doing something without getting a reward
Non- profit organizations (6)
Formally developed Private not government Self-governing Not-profit distributing Voluntary Public benefit
Non-government organization (6)
Voluntary association Non-government Not for profit Not associated with political party Non-violent No criminal group and not illegal activities
Arguments against global ethics
Focus on perfect duties versus charitable acts (perfect duty is something you can do all the time anytime like not lying)
Distance makes a difference
Humanitariam model
Seek global health work through altruism, to make a difference
Tend to adopt an attitude of superiority in education skill and knowledge
Political model
Recognize power and wealth disparities
Encourage humbleness
Based on critical thinking
Ethical paralysis
Nothing is perfectly ethical so you cant do anything
Righteous seizure
Have to do something right now!
Developing partnerships
Negotiation: bargaining to reach an agreement
Partnering: working well together to obtain funding
Collaboration: work with others to find best possible solution
