Lecture 15: Community based health approach

Question 1

3 common characteristics of community

Answer 1

Location/geographical proximity (most important)
Common ties
Social interactions

Question 2

Function of community Includes

Answer 2

Group identity
Social interactions
organization

Question 3

Elements of community that encourage change are

Answer 3

common goals of people

local beliefs

Question 4

Factors impacting a sense of community

Answer 4

religion, safety, SES, frequent relocation, suspicion of other groups
changing demographics (issues impaction older populations)
communication

Question 5

Community development

Answer 5

to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community
making programs sustainable
maximize local strengths and abilities

Question 6

Civil society

Answer 6

an number of different organizations partnering to better develop of fight global poverty
is both a participatory and empowering form of development

Question 7

International stake holders should think about

Answer 7

how much people rely on community based services vs government based services
how much an effect they will have once they leave (taking away from local doctors or nurses)

Question 8

First health care discipline for assessment, treatment and services was

Answer 8

nursing

they would live and work within the community

Question 9

Some of the earliest public health initiatives include

Answer 9

immunization of children, hygiene

Question 10

Community based health services

Answer 10

public sector is failing and private sector is growing

distance and lack of funding are major barriers for public sectors

Question 11

Ideal characteristics for community based services

Answer 11

specific, sensitive inexpensive and non-invasive ways to diagnose
safe, effective drugs that have long shelf life and easily administered
equipment that is easily transported

Question 12

Community –oriented programs

Answer 12

programs that don’t start in the community, external body says who should be targeted

Question 13

Community- initiated programs

Answer 13

community develops and initiates the main goal

Question 14

Community programs should foster (3)

Answer 14

community ownership, participation, and empowerment

Question 15

Community health workers

Answer 15

women from the community who are exceptional re trained to provide forms of health care for people in rural community

Question 16

Characteristics of a community health worker

Answer 16

looked up too by community
good communication skills
health/ literate

Question 17

Steps to make health workers

Answer 17

1. Recruit: in poorest and rural vilages
2. Train: as frontline health professionals
3. Equip:
4. Manage: supervised by nurse mentor
5. Payment:

Question 18

Product development: Push

Answer 18

Direct finicaing
Facilitate clinical trials
Tax creditors for R&D
Focused on making interventions

Question 19

Product development : pull

Answer 19

Increase uptake of vaccines
Transferable patents
Co-payments
Market assurances
After interventions are created

Question 20

Community health worker : Kenya

Answer 20

Looked at rural mothers and infants in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan
Trained community workers to look for infant signs of severe illness within the first week of life and refer them to health facilities if needed
Training programs included recognizing signs and symptoms and which should be assessed
Written pre and post-test along with clinical evaluation
Reduced the neonatal mortality rates by 30-61%

Question 21

Community mobilization

Answer 21

Process of bring people together to raise awareness and demand for development programs to help with delivery of resources and to achieve project sustainability and self-reliance

Question 22

Community Profile

Answer 22

Community demographic (age, sex, religion, income)
community social and health services (which services exist, which services are lacking, things to consider before implementing a program)
methods to develop profile of community (what is the nature of the community problem, what is the best approach, how many people will this program effect, how to make observations without people knowing)

Question 23

Health/social service profile

Answer 23

Learning about the individual or group level issues/needs
Population: can be broad or specific
Condition: concerned with what falls under a certain condition
Context: context of services. Ex. community shelter

Question 24

Needs

Answer 24

Is a gap between real and ideal conditions

Question 25

4 types of needs

Answer 25

Normative Needs: defined by experts (oncologist identifying cancer)
Expressed needs: vocalised by people or observing how people use services
Comparative needs: needs may be similar in another area with similar characteristic (SES or demographics)
Felt needs: voiced by community members, include wants, wishes and desires

Question 26

Needs assessment

Answer 26

Phase 1: determine the needs of the population by looking at already done research or professionals at the community level
Phase 2: figure out the specific needs from the perspective of the target population

Question 27

Methods to assess needs

Answer 27

Interviews, focus groups, semi-formal interviews

Question 28

Program Evaluation

Answer 28

System that evaluates the effectiveness of the program ability to meet desired outcomes
What has the program done to date and how did you evaluate it
Methods for evaluation : needs assessments, efficacy, impact, individual satisfaction ect

Question 29

Outcome Evaluation

Answer 29

Focus on the results of the program or services

What difference did the program make and how did you address the peoples needs

Question 30

Formative Evaluation

Answer 30

Interval reports assessing how the program is doing

How it is responding to goals and how services can be revised

Question 31

Summative Evaluation

Answer 31

Occur at the end of the program

Question 32

Logic model

Answer 32

Displays sequence of action and describes what the program is and what the program will do
Shows how interventions are linked to results
Inputs, outputs, outcomes, assumptions, external factors

Question 33

5 aspects of the logic model

Answer 33

Input: resources that went into program
Outputs: activities, services, events that reached the people
Outcomes: results or changes from the program/group/systems
Assumptions: your underlying beliefs about the program, the people and the project
External Factors: outside factors that Interact with or influence the program ex. differences in religion