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PSYCH 377 > Lecture 8: Parietal Lobes & Attention > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Parietal Lobes & Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

parietal areas PE, PF, and PG lying posterior to the primary somatosensory areas

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2
Q

Saccade

A

a series of involuntary, abrupt, and rapid small movements or jerks of both eyes

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3
Q

Sensorimotor Transformation

A

neural calculations that integrate the movements of different body parts (eyes, body, arm, etc.) with the sensory feedback of what movements are actually being made and the plans to make the movements

depends on both movement-related and sensory-related signals produced by cells in the posterior parietal cortex

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4
Q

Acalculia

A

inability to perform mathematical operations

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5
Q

Stereognosis

A

tactile perception

recognition of objects through the sense of touch

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6
Q

Afferent Paresis

A

loss of kinesthetic feedback that results from lesions to the postcentral gyrus (areas 3-1-2) and produces clumsy movements

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7
Q

Astereognosis

A

inability to recognize the nature of an object by touch

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8
Q

Simultaneous Extinction

A

the somatoperceptual disorder most commonly associated with damage to the secondary somatic cortex (areas PE and PF), especially in the right parietal lobe

two stimuli would be reported if applied singly, but only one would be reported if both were applied together

the second stage of recovery from contralateral neglect characterized by response to stimuli on the neglected side as if there were a simultaneous stimulation on the contralateral side

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9
Q

Numb Touch

A

a tactile analogue of blindsight, in which individuals have lost tactile perception but are able to locate objects through touch

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10
Q

Asomatognosia

A

loss of knowledge or sensory awareness of one’s own body and bodily condition

may be on one or both sides of the body

most commonly results from damage to the right parietal lobe

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11
Q

Anosognosia

A

loss of ability to recognize or to acknowledge an illness or bodily defect

usually associated with right parietal lesions

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12
Q

Anosodiaphoria

A

indifference to illness

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13
Q

Autopagnosia

A

inability to localize and name one’s own body

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14
Q

Asymbolia for Pain

A

inability to understand the meaning of or react to pain

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15
Q

Contralateral Neglect

A

neglect of part of the body or space contralateral to a lesion

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16
Q

Allesthesia

A

a stage of recovery from contralateral neglect characterized by a person’s beginning to respond to stimuli on the neglected side as if the stimuli were on the unlesioned side

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17
Q

Agraphia

A

decline in or loss of the ability to write

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18
Q

Apraxia

A

the inability, in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, to make or copy voluntary movements, especially an inability to make proper use of an object

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19
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

an inability to use and understand nonverbal communication such as gesture and pantomime or to copy movement sequences

20
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

a visuomotor disorder in which spatial organization is disturbed

21
Q

Disengagement

A

the process by which attention is shifted from one stimulus to another

22
Q

Attention

A

a selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli

23
Q

Conjunction Speech

A

a concept in attentional theory that assumes the existence of a mechanism with which the sensory system searches for particular combinations of sensory information

24
Q

Feature Search

A

a cognitive strategy in which sensory stimuli are scanned for a specific feature, such as color

25
Q

Sensory Neglect

A

a condition in which an organism does not respond to sensory stimulation

26
Q

What is the anterior parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

27
Q

What is the posterior parietal lobe?

A

association cortex

28
Q

What are the behavioral uses of spatial information?

A

movement guidance (e.g., reaching/grasping): with object recognition

sensorimotor transformation: “body now” to “body future”

spatial navigation

math

language (syntax)

29
Q

What are symptoms of parietal damage?

A

high sensory thresholds: takes much more intense stimulation before they detect

astereognosis

asomatognosia: loss of awareness of ownership of a body part (e.g., arm, leg)

dyscalculia/acalculia

disturbed language function: angular gyrus, organization of letters, syntax of words

apraxia (e.g., ideomotor)

simultaneous extinction

30
Q

What is apraxia?

A

can’t mimic or repeat actions
once they are given tool, they can do it
problems sequencing motor actions

31
Q

What is simultaneous extinction?

A

damage to the right posterior region of the parietal lobe

when shown two identical objects: patient sees only the object in his right visual field

when shown two different objects: patient sees the object in both visual fields

when shown two kinds of an object: patient sees only the object in his right visual field

32
Q

What is attention?

A

alternes and arousal

vigilance

selective attention

orienting

effort and resource capacity: mental workload and task difficulty

sensory specific processes

33
Q

What is Posner’s attention switching paradigm?

A

focus on the middle, one box will light up, participants are told that cue is meaningless; target could come on same side or opposite as que

valid cue is shown 80% of the time, invalid cue shown 20%

there is a longer reaction time for the invalid cue

requires a switch; disengage, move, re-engage

parietal, superior colliculus, thalamus

34
Q

What are symptoms of posterior parietal lobe damage?

A

contralateral neglect

hemi-inattention

ignores or cannot attend to one side of space: contralateral, body midline, multisensory, double simultaneous stimulation technique

35
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

A

lesion most often in right inferior parietal lobe: right intraparietal sulcus and right angular gyrus, occasionally noted after lesions to frontal lobe and cingulate cortex

defective sensation or perception
defective attention or orientation

36
Q

What is extinction?

A

clinical sign: easy to test, doesn’t take much assessment

patients detect single stimulus
either ipsi- or contralesional side of body
presenting singular may not reveal deficit

fail to detect contralesional stimulus when concurrent stimulus presented on ipsilesional side

37
Q

What is the line bisection task?

A

ask “draw a line that cuts this line in half”

ignore left, can quickly tell they can’t see left side

performance improves with spatial cue, drawing attention to left side

this suggests that there is a problem with attending to left side

38
Q

What is the prism effect?

A

without prisms, F.D.’s copy of the drawing showed complete neglect of the left side

F.D. then examined the drawing for 5 minutes while wearing prisms

copies made as much as 2 hours later showed attention to items in the left visual field

focuses and engages other areas of the brain that are still intact to help with attentional shifting

39
Q

What is the Bisiach & Luzzatti (1978) plaza experiment?

A

looking at two stroke survivors with extensive parietal damage; both know area pretty well

imagine yourself at far end of the plaza; tell me all the landmarks you see; only said landmarks that are in their right visual field

now imagine yourself at the other end facing the other way; still only say the landmarks on their right

they know there are landmarks on the left, but only say one’s on their right

hemineglect is internal, attention must be required to recall things

40
Q

What are the conclusions of the plaza experiment?

A

memory intact

left-side neglect

not externally driven

attention may be required to recall things

attention and memory are intimately linked

disengagement problem: have trouble disengaging their attention from the right side unless you help to cue them

41
Q

What are the findings of neurophysiological studies on peripersonal space?

A

brain areas specialized for coding of visual space surrounding body

cells in parietal & frontal cortices, as well as putamen; respond to visual stimuli in spatial proximity to particular body part (e.g., face or hand)

bimodal - respond to visual & tactile stimuli (VS, TS)

receptive fields for visual stimuli match those for tactile on body surface - even when limb and eyes move

suggests these brain regions part of interconnected system for integrated coding of peripersonal space centered on body parts

42
Q

What was the study of right parietal damage patients with tactile extinction in the peripersonal space of their arms?

A

left tactile extinction was shown when both arms were touched

left tactile extinction also occurs with an ipsilesional visual stimulus near hand, same degree as tactile

however, far less extinction when visual stimulus presented away from space around hand (anchored to hand)

43
Q

What was the study of right parietal damage patients with tactile extinction in the peripersonal space of their face?

A

left tactile extinction when both sides of face were touched

left tactile extinction also occurs with an ipsilesional visual stimulus near face, same degree as tactile

far less extinction when visual stimulus presented away from face

suggests crossmodal system exists for hands and face

44
Q

What was the study on is peripersonal space can be modified through tool use?

A

baseline: minimal extinction pre-tool

extinction greater immediately after tool use and when tool in hand

back to baseline after 5 minute delay

immediate pointing did not lead to extinction

system has dynamic properties that may relate to development of tool use in humans & other primates

45
Q

What are the triad of symptoms in Balint’s syndrome?

A

simultagnosia: cannot recognize more than 1 object at a time

optic ataxia: deficit in visually-guided reaching

oculomotor apraxia: difficulty directing saccades to an object of interest, difficulty in breaking fixation from that object

46
Q

What causes Balint’s syndrome?

A

bilaterally

region that has been described as “vision for action”

PSYCH 377 (14 decks)

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