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PSYCH 377 > Lecture 1: Review of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Review of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Stroke

A

the sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow

also called cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

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2
Q

Ischemia

A

deficient blood flow to the brain due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot

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3
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

a severe stroke that results from a burst vessel bleeding into the brain

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4
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)

A

a drug for testing ischemic stroke that breaks up clots and allows the return of normal blood flow to the affected region if administered within 3 hours

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5
Q

Nuclei

A

a spherical structure in the soma of a cell

contains DNA and is essential to cell function

also a cluster of cells that can be identified histologically and has specific functions in mediating behavior

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6
Q

Tracts

A

a large collection of axons coursing together within the central nervous system

also called fiber pathway

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

residing in the same side of the body as the point of reference

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

residing in the side of the body opposite the reference

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

residing in the side of the body opposite the reference point

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10
Q

Bilateral

A

applying to both sides of the body

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11
Q

Proximal

A

close to some point

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12
Q

Distal

A

distant from some point

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13
Q

Afferent

A

conducting toward a central nervous system area

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14
Q

Efferent

A

conducting away from the central nervous system area and toward a muscle or gland

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15
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

the gyrus lying in front of the central sulcus

also called M1 or primary motor cortex

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16
Q

Parasympathetic (Calming) Nerves

A

calming nerves of the autonomic nervous system that enable the body to “rest and digest”

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17
Q

Sympathetic (Arousing) Nerves

A

arousing nerves of the autonomic nervous system that enable the body to “flight or flee” or engage in vigorous activity

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18
Q

Meninges

A

three layers of protective tissue - dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater - that encase the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a buildup of pressure in the brain and, in infants, swelling of the head, caused by blockage in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid

can result in intellectual disabilities

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20
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

tight junctions between capillary cells that block entry of an array of substances, including toxins, into the brain

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21
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)

A

a vessel originating from the carotid artery that irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex, including the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral frontal regions, anterior cingulate cortex, corpus callosum, and striatum

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22
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

A

an artery that runs along the length of the lateral (Sylvian) fissure to irrigate the lateral surface of the cortex, including the ventral part of the frontal lobe, most of the parietal lobe, and the temporal lobe

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23
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

A

a vessel that irrigates the ventral and posterior surfaces of the cortex, including the occipital lobe and hippocampal formation

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24
Q

Neural Stem Cells

A

a self-renewing, multipotential cell that gives rise to any of the different types of neurons and gilia in the nervous system

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25
Q

Progenitor Cells

A

a precursor cell derived from a stem cell that migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell

also called precursor cell

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26
Q

Blasts

A

an immature neuron or glial cell

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27
Q

Sensory Receptor

A

a cell that transduces sensory information into nervous system activity

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28
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

neurons with processes at both poles

characteristic especially of retinal cells

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29
Q

Somatosensory Neuron

A

a neuron that projects from the body’s sensory receptors into the spinal cord

the dendrite and axon are connected, which speeds information conduction because messages do not have to pass through the cell body

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30
Q

Interneurons

A

any neuron lying between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

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31
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Charles Scott Sherrington’s term for the unit formed by motor neurons and the muscle fiber to which their axon terminations are connected

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32
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

glial cells that make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid and form the lining of the ventricles

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33
Q

Astroglia

A

a star-shaped glial cell that provides structural support to neurons in the central nervous system and transports substances between neurons and blood vessels

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34
Q

Microglia

A

glial cells that originate in the blood, aid in cell repair, and scavenge debris in the nervous system

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35
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

glial cells in the central nervous system that myelinate axons

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36
Q

Schwann Cells

A

glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that myelinate sensory and motor axons

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37
Q

Myelin

A

a lipid substance that forms an insulating sheath around certain nerve fibers

formed by oligodendroglia in the central nervous system and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system

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38
Q

Gray Matter

A

any brain area composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillaries

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39
Q

White Matter

A

areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells

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40
Q

Reticular Matter

A

any nervous system area composed of intermixed cell bodies and axons

has a mottled gray and white, or netlike, appearance

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41
Q

Ganglia

A

a collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain

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42
Q

Nerves

A

a large collection of axons (nerve fibers) coursing together outside the central nervous system

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43
Q

Prosencephalon

A

the front brain, the most anterior part of the embryonic mammalian brain

in adult fish, amphibians, and reptiles, it is responsible for olfaction

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44
Q

Mesencephalon

A

middle brain

one of the three primary embryonic vesicles, which in the embryonic mammalian brain subsequently comprises the tectum and tegmentum

in adult fish, amphibians, and reptiles, the seat of vision and hearing

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45
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

a posterior chamber of the embryonic mammalian brain, which divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon

in adult fish, amphibians, and reptiles, controls movement and balance

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46
Q

Telencephalon

A

the endbrain

includes the mammalian cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs

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47
Q

Diencephalon

A

the region of the brain that includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

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48
Q

Mentencephalon

A

the anterior part of the mammalian rhombencephalon

composed of the cerebellum and pons

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49
Q

Myelencephalon

A

the spinal brain

the posterior part of the mammalian rhombencephalon, including the medulla oblongata and fourth ventricle

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50
Q

Ventricles

A

a cavity of the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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51
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

a connection between the third and fourth ventricles that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle into the circulatory system at the base of the brainstem

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52
Q

Dermatome

A

a body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord

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53
Q

Anterior Root

A

a nerve composed of fibers carrying motor information from the anterior part of the human spinal cord

53
Q

Posterior Root

A

a nerve composed of fibers carrying sensory information that enters each segment of the posterior spinal cord

54
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

the principle that the dorsal or posterior roots in the spinal cord are sensory and the ventral or anterior roots in the spinal cord are motor

55
Q

Paraplegic

A

of persons whose spinal cord has been cut, making them unable to have control over their legs

56
Q

Quadriplegic

A

of persons whose spinal cord has been cut, making them unable to have control over their arms and legs

57
Q

Reflexes

A

a specific movement that depends only on a simple spinal-cord circuit and elicited by specific forms of sensory stimulation

58
Q

Flexion

A

a reflex that brings a limb towards the body

59
Q

Extension

A

a reflex by which a limb is straightened

60
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

a set of 12 pairs of nerves that convey sensory and motor signals to and from the head

61
Q

Referred Pain

A

pain felt on the surface of the body that is actually due to pain in an internal body organ

62
Q

Cerebellum

A

a major structure of the hindbrain that is specialized for learning and coordinating skilled movements

in large-brained animals, may also participate in coordinating other mental processes

63
Q

Folia

A

narrow folds of the cerebellum

64
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a mixture of nuclei and fibers that runs through the center of the brainstem, extending from the spinal cord to the thalamus

associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

65
Q

Tectum

A

the roof of the midbrain

located above the aqueduct

consists of the superior and inferior colliculi, which mediate whole-body responses to visual and auditory stimuli, respectively, and the production of orienting movements

66
Q

Tegmentum

A

the floor of the midbrain

located below the cerebral aqueduct

contains a collection of sensory and motor tracts and nuclei with movement-related, species-specific and pain-perception functions

67
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

bilateral nuclei of the midbrain tectum that receive projections from the retina of the eye and mediate visually related behavior

68
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

nuclei of the midbrain tectum that receive auditory projections and mediate orientation to auditory stimuli

69
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

nuclei in the midbrain containing the cell bodies of dopamine-containing axons that connect to the forebrain and are important in rewarding behaviors

in freshly prepared human tissue, the region appears black

hence the name, which is Latin for “black substance”

70
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)

A

nuclei in the midbrain that surround the cerebral aqueduct

PAG contains circuits for species-typical behaviors and play an important role in modulating pain

71
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a collection of nuclei located below the thalamus in the diencephalon

controls behavior including movement, feeling, sexual activity, sleeping, emotional expression, temperature regulation, and endocrine regulation

72
Q

Thalamus

A

a group of nuclei in the diencephalon that integrates information from all sensory system and projects it into the appropriate cortical regions

73
Q

Epithalamus

A

a collection of nuclei that forms the phylogenetically most primitive region of the thalamus

includes the pineal gland, which secretes the hormone melatonin that influences daily and seasonal body rhythms

74
Q

Basil Ganglia

A

subcortical forebrain nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) that connect to the thalamus and midbrain and coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body

75
Q

Neocortex

A

the newest later of the brain, forming the outer layer, or “new bark”, has four to six layers of cells

76
Q

Limbic System

A

disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory

includes cingulate (limbic) cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, among other structures

77
Q

Amygdala

A

an almond-shaped collection of nuclei in the base of the temporal lobe

the part of the limbic system that participates in emotional and species-typical behaviors

78
Q

Hippocampus

A

a distinctive limbic-system structure that lies in the anterior medial region of the temporal lobe

participants in species-specific behaviors, memory, and spatial navigation and is vulnerable to the effects of stress

79
Q

Cingulate (“Girdle”) Cortex

A

a strip of three- to four-layered limbic cortex that lies just above the corpus callosum along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres

80
Q

Central Sulcus

A

a fissure that runs from the dorsal border of each hemisphere near its midpoint and obliquely downward and forward until it nearly meets the lateral fissure, dividing the frontal and parietal lobes

81
Q

Projection Map

A

a map of the cortex made by tracing axons from the sensory systems into the brain and from the neocortex to the motor systems of the brainstem and spinal cord

82
Q

Primary Areas

A

neocortical regions that receive projections from the major sensory systems or send projections to the muscles

83
Q

Secondary Areas

A

a cortical region that receives inputs from the primary areas and is thought to participate in more complex sensory and perceptual or motor functions

84
Q

Tertiary Areas or Association Areas

A

cortical regions that receive projections from secondary areas or send projection to them

encompasses all cortex not specialized for sensory or motor function and mediates complex activities such as language, planning, memory, and attention

85
Q

Cytoarchitectonic Maps

A

a cortical map based on cytology, the organization, structure, and distribution of cells

86
Q

Brodmann’s Map

A

a map of the cerebral cortex devised by Korbinian Brodmann circa 1905 and based on cytoarchitectonic structure with anatomical areas identified by number

conforms remarkably closely to functional area identified by the results of later lesion and recording studies

87
Q

Homotopic

A

at the same place on the body

88
Q

Connectome

A

a comprehensive map of the structural connectivity (the physical wiring) of an organism’s nervous system

89
Q

Decussations

A

a band of fibers that cross from one side of the brain to the other

90
Q

What is the symmetrical organization of the brain?

A

structures on the same side of ipsilateral (ipsilesional)

structures on opposite side are contralateral (contralesional)

structures that lie in both hemispheres are bilateral

91
Q

What do the terms proximal and distal mean?

A

structures close together are proximal

structures far apart are distal

92
Q

What do the terms efferent and afferent mean?

A

movement away from brain is efferent

movement toward the brain is afferent

93
Q

What is the anterior cerebral artery?

A

irrigates medial and dorsal parts of cortex

94
Q

What is middle cerebral artery?

A

lateral surface of cortex

95
Q

What is posterior cerebral artery?

A

ventral and posterior surfaces of cortex

96
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

dorsal receives input

ventral conveys motor commands

dermatomes

damage to SC affects connections to areas below point of injury

97
Q

What is the medulla?

A

motor fibers cross

reticular activating system (RAS) (reticular formation)

arousal, vital functions

98
Q

What is the pons?

A

connects cerebellum

99
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

inferior colliculus (ears)

superior colliculus (eyes)

100
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

relay center

almost every sensory system routes through the thalamus

acts like a switch board, controls where information goes

101
Q

What are the three main structures of the forebrain?

A

basal ganglia

limbic system

cerebral cortex

102
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

collection of nuclei: putamen, globus pallidus, caudate

input from all areas of brain; functions in controlling and coordinating movement patterns

output to frontal - motor regions via thalamus

basal ganglia diseases are disorders of controlling movement, not producing movement (e.g., Huntington’s & Parkinson’s)

103
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

emotion and species-typical behaviors

104
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

memory and spatial navigation

105
Q

What is the septum?

A

connector

emotion and species-typical behavior

106
Q

What is the cingulate cortex (cingulate gyrus)?

A

emotion, cognition, executive function, motor control

107
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

has expanded the most during evolution

comprises 80% of human brain

2500 square cm, thickness of 1.5-3.0 mm

six layers

two cerebral hemispheres, four lobes

108
Q

What is a fissure?

A

cleft in cortex deep enough to indent ventricles

109
Q

What are sulci?

A

shallow cleft in cortex

110
Q

What are gyri?

A

ridge in cortex

111
Q

What can be found through comparative neuroanatomy of different species?

A

the complexity of sulci increased through evolution

112
Q

What are the primary areas in the cortex?

A

first higher order structures that receive sensory info and send motor message

key area for different signals

frontal lobe –> motor functions
parietal lobe –> body senses
temporal lobe –> auditory functions
occipital lobe –> visual functions

113
Q

What is the calcarine fissure?

A

primary visual cortex above and below it

114
Q

What are the secondary areas of the cortex?

A

adjacent to primary areas

receive input from primary areas

engaged in interpreting sensory input or organizing movements

115
Q

What are the tertiary areas of the cortex?

A

association cortex

located between secondary areas

multiple regions

mediate complex activities (integration of information)

116
Q

What are the four types of axon projections?

A

long connections between one lobe and another

shorter connections between one part of lobe to another

interhemispheric connections: commissures, homotopic points, contralateral (bilateral) points that correspond to each other (anatomical versus functional)

connections through the thalamus

117
Q

What is the interhemispheric (longitudinal) fissure?

A

separates left and right

118
Q

What is the Sylvian (lateral) fissure?

A

separates frontal from temporal and parietal to some extent

length of fissure varies in either hemisphere

119
Q

What is the cingulate sulcus?

A

divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)

corpus callosum –> band of myelinated axons, should appear much brighter

cingulate gyrus –> made up of cortex

120
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

usually freestanding (no intersections)

just anterior to ascending cingulate

once you find central, can figure out what’s pre- and post-

121
Q

What is the postcentral sulcus?

A

often in two parts (superior and inferior)

often intersects with intraparietal sulcus

marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip)

122
Q

What is the precentral sulcus?

A

often in two parts (superior and inferior)

intersects with superior frontal sulcus (T-junction)

marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip)

123
Q

What is the intraparietal sulcus?

A

anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral

posterior end usually forms a T-junction with transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to parieto-occipital fissure - POF)

IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus-gold, supramarginal gyrus-lime)

124
Q

What is the superior frontal sulcus?

A

divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus

125
Q

What is the inferior frontal sulcus?

A

divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus

126
Q

What is the superior temporal sulcus?

A

divides superior temporal gyrus from middle temporal gyrus

127
Q

What is the inferior temporal sulcus?

A

not usually very continuous

divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus

128
Q

What are the Brodmann areas?

A

divided the brain into different regions

mapped them perfectly based on the types of cells

129
Q

What is the contralateral organization of the brain?

A

each symmetrical half responds to sensory stimulation from contralateral side or controls musculature on contralateral side

130
Q

What are decussations?

A

crossing of sensory or motor fibers along center of nervous system

PSYCH 377 (14 decks)

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