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PSYCH 377 > Lecture 11: Temporal Lobes > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Temporal Lobes Flashcards

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1
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex

A

are TE in von Economo’s designation

visual regions of the temporal cortex

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2
Q

Insula

A

tissue in the lateral (Sylvain) fissure

includes gustatory and auditory association cortices

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3
Q

Temporal-Parietal Junction (TPJ)

A

a region where the temporal and parietal lobes meet at the end of the Sylvain fissure

also called the temporoparietal junction

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4
Q

Neostriatum

A

the caudate nucleus plus putamen of the basal ganglia

also called the striatum

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5
Q

Cross-Modal Matching

A

an ability to match sensory characteristics of objects across sensory modalities

for example, the ability to visually recognize an object that was previously perceived by touch

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6
Q

Social Cognition

A

perceptual categorization that enables a person to develop hypotheses about other people’s intentions

also referred to as theory of mind

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7
Q

Prosody

A

tone of voice

variation in stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech that conveys different shades of meaning

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8
Q

Heschl’s Gyrus

A

a gyrus of the human temporal lobe that is roughly equivalent to auditory area I

also known as the transverse temporal gyrus

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9
Q

Wernicke Aphasia

A

an inability to comprehend or to produce meaningful speech even though the production of words remains intact

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10
Q

Amusia

A

tone deafness

inability to produce (motor) or to comprehend (sensory) musical sounds

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11
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to acquire new memories subsequent to a disturbance such as head injury, electroconvulsive shock, or certain degenerative diseases

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12
Q

Where is the temporal lobe?

A

the tissue below Sylvian fissure and anterior to occipital lobe

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13
Q

What are the subcortical temporal lobe structures?

A

limbic cortex (inferior portions of the limbic system)

amygdala

hippocampal formation

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14
Q

What are the lateral surfaces of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory areas: A1 tucked into Sylvian fissure

ventral stream of visual information: inferior temporal cortex or TE

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15
Q

What is the medial temporal cortex?

A

includes amygdala and adjacent cortex, hippocampus and surrounding cortex, and fusiform gyrus

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16
Q

What is the posterior end of medial temporal lobe?

A

para-hippocampal cortex

PPA (para-hippocampal place area): landmark and scene recognition

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17
Q

What is the multimodal cortex or polymodal cortex?

A

area under superior temporal sulcus

receives input from auditory, visual, & somatic regions

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18
Q

What is the insula?

A

area under Sylvian fissure

gustatory cortex: primary taste center, link this info to emotion

auditory association cortex: very close to primary auditory cortex

role in conscious urges (cue-indued drug urges)

possible role in nicotine addiction

19
Q

What was the Naqvi et al. (2007) study on the role of the insula in nicotine addiction?

A

patient that smoke who suffered a stroke; doctor tells them to quit smoking

stroke patients: >5 cig/day, >2 years

1 year follow-up: see how well they were able to stop smoking

disruption to insula: quit 1 day after lesion, no relapse, felt quitting was easy, no urges

with complete dysfunction of the insula, nicotine addiction was wiped out, can’t form causal relationship though

20
Q

What are the afferent projections from the temporal cortex?

A

sensory systems

21
Q

What are the efferent projections from the temporal cortex?

A

parietal and frontal association regions, limbic system, and basal ganglia

22
Q

What structures connect the left and right temporal cortex?

A

corpus callosum
anterior commissure

23
Q

What is the hierarchical sensory pathway?

A

incoming auditory & visual information

stimulus recognition - ventral pathways for vision and audition

24
Q

What is the dorsal auditory pathway?

A

from auditory cortex to posterior parietal

detection of spatial location of sounds; movement; sound recognition

25
Q

What is the polymodal pathway?

A

from auditory and visual areas to polymodal cortex (STS): use both visual and auditory info when someone is speaking

stimulus categorization and cross-model matching
e.g. McGurk effect: visual will override auditory when thing clash but are close enough

26
Q

What is the medial temporal projection?

A

from auditory and visual areas to medial temporal lobe, limbic cortex, hippocampal formation, and amygdala

perforant pathway - major input to HC

long-term potentiation pathway: formation of stronger connection for more efficient communication

27
Q

What is the frontal lobe projection?

A

auditory and visual cortex to frontal lobe

movement control

short-term memory

affect: contribute emotional impulses

28
Q

What are the three basic sensory functions of the temporal lobe?

A

processing auditory input

visual object recognition

long-term storage of information

29
Q

What are the sensory processes in the temporal lobe?

A

identification and categorization of stimuli

cross-model matching

30
Q

What is cross-modal matching?

A

matching visual and auditory information - ventriloquism effect

depends on cortex of superior temporal sulcus

31
Q

What is columnergic organization in the temporal lobe?

A

neurons in the temporal lobe form cortical columns that respond to categories of shapes

stroke can specifically wipe out columns for certain things

32
Q

What are affective responses in the temporal lobe?

A

emotional responses associated with particular stimuli

amygdala in the temporal lobe

33
Q

What is the difference in amygdala activation in adults compared to teenagers?

A

adults: get emotions right most of the time

teenager: report more anger in faces, more amygdala activation, less frontal activation

34
Q

What is spatial navigation in the temporal lobe?

A

hippocampus - spatial memory

placed cells discovered by O’Feefe in 1976

brain builds map of space; more brain is exposed to space it’ll develop a firing pattern

35
Q

What is the experimental evidence for hippocampal place cells?

A

square cage new to the rat, let them explore; majority of response occurs in a specific area, occurs after a lot of time spent in the cage

rat has to be in specific positions for the cell to fire; move them to a bigger cage; same area causes activation, but range of activation increases to adjust to a different environment

36
Q

What is the Morris Water Maze Task?

A

rat is placed in a pool with a platform just below surface of water; there are spatial markers around the room the rat can use to recognize where the platform is

can make the water opaque so they have to use spatial cues to find pedestal, also put them in different start spots

non lesion rats: always swim to pedestal, use spatial cues

hippocampal lesion rats: do clear learning trial, once water is milky, they cannot find pedestal, no memory formation of spatial cues, no spatial map

37
Q

What is the relationship between superior temporal sulcus (STS) and biological motion?

A

imaging reveals activation in STS during perception of biological motion

38
Q

What is biological motion?

A

movements relevant to a species

allow us to guess others’ intentions

social cognition or “theory of mind” (mirror neuron system)

39
Q

What is the Perrett et al. (1990) study on STS activation and biological motion?

A

show different types of stimuli and measure response

STS neurons in the observing monkey respond more strongly to an approaching body than to the same body moving in other directions or standing still

most firing when they see someone approaching

STS cells maximally responsive to particular types of biological motion

40
Q

What is the Hasson et al. (2004) study on the fMRI of patients watching “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly”?

A

free viewing pf the memory: just lying in the fMRI watching a movie, look at what brain areas are active, not asked to do anything else

extensive activity in auditory and visual regions in temporal lobe, in STS and cingulate regions (correlated across 5 participants); nothing different happening in auditory or visual systems across all participants

selective activation to precise moment-to-moment film content (faces and scenes)

regions of parietal and frontal lobes showed no intersubject coherence (i.e. dissociation between sensation and experience)

everyone gets the same stimuli, but people interpret that stimuli differently

a lot more variety in frontal and parietal lobes during movie viewing; because your personal interpretation of the movie is individualized (interest, humor, etc.)

41
Q

During what scenes of the movie is the FFA most active?

A

fusiform face area

most active during close-ups of faces, consistent across subjects

42
Q

During what scenes of the movie is the PPA most active?

A

para-hippocampal place area

mostly active in wide shots, sweeping scenery

consistent across participants

43
Q

What are symptoms of temporal lobe lesions?

A

auditory disturbance

disorders of music perception

disturbance of selection of visual and auditory input

impaired organization and categorization; difficulty placing words or pictures into categories

inability to use contextual information (memory)

long-term memory problems

altered personality and affective behavior

PSYCH 377 (14 decks)

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