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PSYCH 377 > Lecture 7: Occipital Lobes > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Occipital Lobes Flashcards

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1
Q

Striate Cortex

A

the primary visual cortex (area 17, VI) in the occipital lobe

has a striped appearance when strained

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2
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

a visual processing pathway from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobes

guides movements relative to objects

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3
Q

Ventral Stream

A

a visual processing pathway from the primary visual cortex to the temporal cortex for object identification and perception of related movements

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4
Q

Dynamic Form

A

the shape of objects in motion

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5
Q

Egocentric Space

A

a spatial location relative to an individual’s perspective

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6
Q

Allocentric Space

A

object location relative to another object, independent of the observer’s perspective and usually at a distance

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7
Q

Polysensory Neurons

A

a neuron within multimodal cortex that is responsive to both visual and auditory or both visual and somatosensory input

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8
Q

Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

loss of vision in both temporal fields due to damage to the medial region of the optic chiasm that serves the crossing fibers

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9
Q

Homonymous Hemianopia

A

blindness of an entire visual field due to complete cuts of the optic tract, lactal geniculate body, or area 17 (VI)

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10
Q

Macular Sparing

A

a condition that occurs only after unilateral lesions to the visual cortex in which the central region of the visual field is not lost, even though temporal or nasal visual fields are lost

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11
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

defective vision or blindness in one-fourth of the fovea (visual field)

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12
Q

Scotomas

A

a small blind spot in the visual field caused by small lesions, an epileptic focus, or migraines of the occipital lobe

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13
Q

Infarct

A

an area of dead or dying tissue resulting from an obstruction of the blood vessels that normally supply the area

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14
Q

Blindsight

A

the ability of patients with visual-field defects to identify at better-than-chance levels the nature of visual stimuli that are not consciously perceived

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15
Q

Ischemia

A

deficient blood flow to the brain due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot

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16
Q

Angioma

A

collections of abnormal blood vessels, including capillary, venous, and arteriovenous malformations, that result in abnormal blood flow

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17
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

an impairment in the recognition of visually presented objects that is not a result of a deficit in visual acuity or language

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18
Q

Optic Ataxia

A

a deficit in visually guided hand movements that cannot be ascribed to motor, somatosensory, or visual field or visual-acuity deficits

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19
Q

Propagnosia

A

a facial-recognition deficit not explained by defective acuity or reduced consciousness or alertness

rare in pure form and thought to be secondary to right parietal lesions or bilateral lesions

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20
Q

Alexia

A

inability to read

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21
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

a broad category of visual agnosias in which elementary sensory functions appear intact but a perceptual deficit prevents object recognition

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22
Q

Simultagnosia

A

an agnosia symptom in which a person is unable to perceive more than one object at a time

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23
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

inability to recognize or identify an object, despite its apparent perception

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24
Q

Topographic Disorientation

A

following brain injury, a gross disability in finding one’s way in relation to salient environment cues

likely due to topographic agnosia and amnesia

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25
Q

What is the medial surface of the occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

calcarine sulcus/fissure: contains much of primary visual cortex, separates upper and lower visual fields

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26
Q

What is the ventral surface of the occipital lobe?

A

lingual and fusiform gyrus

V2, VP, V4

27
Q

What are the connections to the primary visual cortex (V1)?

A

input from LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)

output to all other levels

28
Q

What are the connections to the secondary visual cortex (V2)?

A

output to all other levels

29
Q

What are the connections in the visual cortex after V2?

A

output to the parietal lobe - dorsal stream

output to the inferior temporal lobe - ventral stream

output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS) - STS stream

30
Q

What is the dorsal stream visual pathway?

A

visual guidance of movements

“where” things are in space

31
Q

What is the ventral stream visual pathway?

A

object perception

32
Q

What is the STS visual pathway?

A

visuospatial functions

movement perception (e.g., biological motion)

33
Q

What is the dorsal stream test in double dissociation?

A

researcher puts food in one of the drawers, use cylinder to show where food is, location information

dorsal stream damage: have problems with “where” task, perform at chance levels, no issues with “what” task

34
Q

What is the ventral stream test in double dissociation?

A

food is determined by shape on top of drawer, monkey needs to differentiate between shapes

ventral stream damage: cannot recognize objects, perform at chance levels, “where” task is unaffected

35
Q

What is the responsiveness of cells in the ventral visual stream?

A

as you progress down the ventral stream, the complexity of neurons increases because the object processing becomes more complex

increase in complexity as you move forward

shows functional specificity

36
Q

What is color vision?

A

primary job of V4, but distributed throughout occipital cortex

plays a role in detection of movement, depth, and position

37
Q

What are the visual functions beyond occipital lobe?

A

vision-related areas in brain make up about 55% of total cortex surface area

multiple visual regions in temporal, parietal, & frontal lobes

vision is not unitary: composed of many quite specific forms of processing, five categories for vision

38
Q

What is the lateral occipital cortex?

A

perceptual constancy for: size, location, viewpoint, illumination

form-cue invariance: photos, real objects, line drawings

39
Q

What is the Goodale & Milner model of vision for perception and vision for action?

A

dorsal stream feed into parietal where things are, plan motion to get to object

40
Q

What are the categories of vision for action?

A

parietal visual areas (dorsal stream)
reaching
ducking
catching

41
Q

What are the categories of action for vision?

A

visual scanning
eye movements and selective attention

42
Q

What are the hemisphere differences in how the brain processes faces?

A

look at left side more in mirror, but right side more in photos

right hemisphere dominance for face processes causes bias in eye movement so info gets to right hemisphere faster

more attention in left visual field

43
Q

What is visual recognition?

A

temporal lobes

object recognition

ventral stream

44
Q

What is visual space?

A

parietal and temporal lobes

spatial location

STS stream

45
Q

What is visual attention?

A

selective attention for specific visual input

parietal lobes guides movements and temporal lobes help in object recognition (independent attentional mechanisms)

46
Q

What are disorders of visual pathways?

A

monocular blindness

bitemporal hemianopia: results from lesion to medial region of optic chiasm

nasal hemianopia: results from lesions of lateral region of optic chiasm

47
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

LVF to right side of both retinas (one nasal and one temporal)

nasal hemiretina information crosses at optic chiasm

temporal hemiretina information stays ipsilateral

for a given VF: information from one eye crosses the optic chiasm, information from the other eye says ipsilateral

once past the optic chiasm full VF information together in contralateral hemisphere

48
Q

What are field defects in vision?

A

scotomas: smaller portion of a quadrant is missing

often go unnoticed due to nystagmus

49
Q

What are the symptoms of V1 damage and scotoma?

A

right infarct (dead tissue) in occipital lobe

experienced blindsight - perceive motion and location without perceiving content

lost one-quarter of fovea, poor vision in upper left quadrant

slow facial recognition

50
Q

What are the symptoms of V1 damage and blindsight?

A

angioma in right calcarine fissure

hemianopia

cortical blindness - blindsight - reports no conscious awareness of seeing, but can report movement & location of objects

accurate pointing to light source locations

51
Q

What are the symptoms of V4 damage and loss of color vision?

A

sustained concussion and suddenly lost color vision

closes eyes to eat - dreams

specific damage in occipital cortex

improved acuity at twilight or at night

years later, no longer remembered color

52
Q

What was the case of conscious color perception in a blind patient?

A

ischemia destroyed large area of posterior cortex - electrocuted

can only detect presence or absence of light and has intact color vision

could identify and name colors, also name typical colors for objects from memory

53
Q

What is the case of V5 (MT) damage and the perception of movement?

A

vascular abnormality produced bilateral posterior damage

loss of movement vision - people appeared “here or there”

unable to intercept moving objects by using hand

TMS to V5 in NI led to inability to intercept

V5 (MT) likely involved in both perception and action

54
Q

What is the case of parietal damage?

A

bilateral hemorrhages in occipitoparietal regions

disordered control of gaze, impaired visual attention, and optic ataxia (deficit in visually guided hand movement)

can recognize and name objects, but cannot accurately reach for objects

55
Q

What is the case of occipital damage and visual agnosia?

A

bilateral damage to lateral occipital cortical region and tissue between parietal and occipital lobes

visual form agnosia - inability to recognize line drawings of objects

can use visual information to guide movements, but not to recognize objects

56
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

perceptual categorization

cannot form a percept of whole

can recognize local aspects

57
Q

What is the associative agnosia?

A

cannot link percept to knowledge

58
Q

What is category specific agnosia?

A

know all objects except those linked to a specific category e.g. fruits

memory access disorder

59
Q

What is the system of face processing in monkeys?

A

specific features in IT

60
Q

What is the system of face processing in humans?

A

posterior right hemisphere

configurational info

inversion effect (larger for faces than houses)

61
Q

What were the results of multi-unit cell recording and face recognition?

A

patient was awake, recording from FFA, look for activation

specificity for face, and for a specific type of face

62
Q

What is the role of experience in recognition?

A

show radiologist a set of x-rays, then ask have you seen this before

all groups do well on faces
senior radiologists are better able to recognize if they’ve seen the image before
they do worse when there is nothing abnormal in the x-rays because they are trained to detect abnormal

FFA gets recruited to process things other than faces

63
Q

What is covert face recognition?

A

name reading task

intact –> longer reaction time for mismatched condition

prosopagnosia –> perform the same as the intact on the mismatched task influences their reaction time, some unconscious awareness that they still know something about the face

PSYCH 377 (14 decks)

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