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Microbiology > Lecture 8: Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of:
-What genes are
-How they carry information
-How information is expressed
-How genes are replicated

A

Genetics

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2
Q

What is the study of genetics?

A

-What genes are
-How they carry information
-How information is expressed
-How genes are replicated

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3
Q

What is a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein?

A

Gene

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4
Q

What refers to all of the genetic material in a cell?

A

Genome

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5
Q

What is the molecular study of genomes?

A

Genomics

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6
Q

What refers to the genes of an organism?

A

Genotype

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7
Q

What refers to the expression of the genes, aka observable traits?

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

What are small circular molecules of DNA?

A

Plasmids

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9
Q

Do plasmids autonomously replicate?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What requires that it carry information required for their own replication, and often for one or more cellular traits

that are not essential for normal bacterial metabolism, growth or reproduction
and
can confer survival advantages?

A

Plasmids

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11
Q

What are fertility factors, resistance factors, bacteriocin factors, virulence plasmids, cryptic plasmids?

A

Types of plasmids

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12
Q

What type of genome structure is:
-genome in two structures (nuclear DNA and extranuclear DNA)
-several linear chromosomes
-Located in membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotic genome structure

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13
Q

What type of genome structures is:
-genome in two structures (chromosomes and plasmids)
-circular chromosome
-located in the nucleoid, in cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotic genome structure

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14
Q

What is:
-the duplication of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNAs
-Occurs before cell division
-Vertical transmission

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

Are DNA strands antiparallel?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?

A

The polymer of nucleotides

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17
Q

DNA strands are double helix associated with what?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

What is the deoxyribose-phosphate to a DNA strand?

A

the “back bone”

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19
Q

What holds together strands between AT and CG?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

What is this process:
-parental molecule
-separation of parental strands into templates
-formation of new strands complementary to template strands?

A

Semiconservative DNA replication

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21
Q

Is DNA replication bidrectional?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What is an anabolic polymerization process, requires monomers (nucleotides) and energy?

A

DNA replication

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23
Q

What replicates DNA in preparation for cell division?

A

DNA replication

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24
Q

What starts at the Origin of Replication (Ori), opened up by DNA helicase and copied by DNA polymerase III?

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

What is the flow of bacteria’s genetic information?

A
  1. Within a cell central dogma (they follow DNA to MRNA to protein)
  2. Between generations of cells (parental cells to daughter cells aka dna replication or vertical transmission)
  3. between cells of the same generation (horizontal transfer) occurs when the different cells share the same genetic information and join genetic information to create recombinant cells
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26
Q

What are these:

  1. Within a cell central dogma (they follow DNA to MRNA to protein)
  2. Between generations of cells (parental cells to daughter cells aka dna replication or vertical transmission)
  3. between cells of the same generation (horizontal transfer) occurs when the different cells share the same genetic information and join genetic information to create recombinant cells
A

the three different routes of the flow of bacteria’s genetic information

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27
Q

Which cell is capable of:
-transformation
-transduction
-conjugation

A

Recombinant cell from a horizontal transfer

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28
Q

What are double-stranded DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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29
Q

Adenine pairs with what?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

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30
Q

Guanine pairs with what?

A

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

31
Q

What compiles guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine?

A

the structure of DNA

32
Q

Adenine and thymine pair with how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

33
Q

Guanine and cytosine pair with how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

loosely packed histone complex, region where histone complex are further apart and exposed certain gene segments and exposed are most likely to be transcribed by proteins in that cells

35
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

tightly condensed/ packed, the histone complex is not accessible so no transcription activity going on in this region

35
Q

How are eukaryotic chromosomes packaged?

A

add more

double stranded DNA wrap around histones to create nucleosome, that is linked by linker DNA

Note size increase throughout the process

35
Q

Are plasmids double stranded DNA?

A

Yes

35
Q

What is the prokaryotic chromosomal packaging process like?

A

Don’t use histone, only histone-like protein.

These form loop anchor proteins, organizing the double helix DNA

35
Q

The origin of replication in plasmids are driven by?

A

Promoter

36
Q

Do certain promoters dictate the number of plasmids that a bacterial cell can have?

A

Yes

37
Q

Mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA refer to what?

A

Extranuclear DNA in eukaryotic genome structures

38
Q

Will both strands be templates in DNA semiconservative replication?

A

Yes, both parental strands become templates

39
Q

3’ hydroxl group

A

add 21:27

40
Q

Which enzyme that unwinds parental double helix at replication forks?

A

Helicase enzyme

40
Q

Enzymes that participate in DNA replication

A

25:56

41
Q

Which enzyme binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template?

A

Single-strand binding protein

42
Q

Which enzyme relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands?

A

Topoisomerase enzyme

43
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes and RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand?

A

Primase enzyme

44
Q

Which enzyme uses parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand?

A

DNA polymerase III

45
Q

Which enzyme removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides?

A

DNA polymerase I

46
Q

Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA?

A

DNA ligase

47
Q

How many locations for origin of replication for prokaryotic cells?

A

1 origin of replication location on each chromosome and on each plasmid

48
Q

How many locations for origin of replication for eukaryotic cells?

A

Several origin of replications on 1 chromosome and 1 plasmid

48
Q

What process is used to duplicate DNA and prepare for cell division?

A

DNA replication

49
Q

What is the role of helix in the initiation of DNA replication?

A

Helicase will open up the DNA strand to unzip the double helix

50
Q

What relieves the strain in a double stranded DNA during initiation of DNA replication?

A

Topoisomerase

51
Q

What adds complementary RNA primer during initiation of DNA replication?

A

Primase-enzyme (5-10 bps)

52
Q

What adds DNA nucleotides (dNTPs) that are complementary to the template DNA into the reaction during elongation?

A

DNA polymerase III

52
Q

What is the process of leading strand synthesis?

A

Elongation

53
Q

Describe the lagging strand synthesis (elongation)

A
54
Q

Explain DNA polymerase’s proofreading activity

A

DNA polymerase proofread newly made DNA

Mismatched bases are pulled out and replaced

Nucleotide excision repair

Race between finishing replication and fidelity

55
Q

What is it when enzymes correct errors in base pairing?

A

Mismatch repair

56
Q

What is it when a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

57
Q

What are mutations from DNA replications called?

A

spontaneous mutations

58
Q

What is an anabolic polymerization process, that requires monomers and energy (nucleotides)

A

DNA replication

59
Q

What process starts at the origin of replication (Ori), opened up by DNA helicase?

A

DNA replication

60
Q

What is the DNA replication overview?

A

need to add

61
Q

Explain DNA replication: rolling circle replication?

A

add

61
Q
A
62
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

need to add

62
Q

What is the difference between mismatch repair vs nucleotide excision repair?

A

add

63
Q
A
63
Q
A
64
Q
A

Microbiology (17 decks)

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