Lecture 8 Information Processing Flashcards
What is Reaction Time (RT)?
Time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of movement.
What is Movement Time(MT)?
Time between the initiation of movement and its completion
What is Response Time?
Reaction Time + Movement Time
Reaction Time and Movement Time are independent. What is needed to measure Response Time?
Stimulus and Timing Device
What is the Foreperiod? What happens if foreperiod is constant length?
- Warning Signal before stimulus is present
* If foreperiod is constant length, Reaction tim will decrease
In case of a sprinter, what is the: Reaction Time, Movement Time and Response Time?…
For a sprinter:
- Stimulus= gunshot
- Movement Time = When reaction started
- Response Time = Time of starting and ending a race
What are the (4) Reaction Time Situations?
- Simple Reaction Time
- Go/No Go Reaction Time
- Choice Reaction Time
- Discrimination Reaction Time
What is Simple RT? Example.
One Signal, One Response (Sprinter)
What is Go/No Go RT? Example.
Multiple Signals, One Response (Baseball Batter)
What is Choice RT? Example
Multiple Signals, each with possible different responses to choose ( traffic signal )
What is Discrimination RT? Example.
Multiple / simultaneous signals, only one response (joggers avoiding obstacles)
What are (2) further components of Reaction Time?
- Premotor
* Motor
What is Premotor?
Time from stimulus to beginning of EMG activity, THEREFORE there is no EMG activity happening yet
What is Motor?
Time from onset EMG activity to action of movement ,
THERFORE there is some muscle activation BUT no movement
Why is it possible that there can be no movement in the Motor component?
Body has inertia and needs time to make it move.
What are the (2) information processes of RT?
- Seriel
* Parellel
Environment can effect Stimulus Identification. What are (2) main steps involved to sense change in environment/?
1) Transform stimulus to neurological impulse
2) Stimulus must be recognized, or matched with pervious experience (perception)
What can effect your identification of stimulus?
Clarity (Sharper Vision)
Intensity (Brighter/Louder)
Modality (React to auditory stimulus faster than visual)
What can increase/decrease reaction by response selection?
1) Number of Stimulus-Response Options
2) Stimulus Response Compatibility
What is the curved relationship between number of choices and Reaction Time?
Linear
______ increases logarithmically as number of ________ increases?
Reaction Time increases as # of choices increase
As numbers of choices increase, what happens to Reaction Time? Why?
Reaction Time increases BECAUSE more options will require time to think and choose the right one
Brain processes like a computer, what does response time base on?
Bits of information
Example: 1 bit of information = 2^1 (2 choices)
What are the (2) study exceptions to Hick’s Law?
- “Practice” (Mowbray and Rhodes, 1959)
* “Digit Naming” (Mowbray, 1960)
What was found in “Practice” Study (Mowbray and Rhodes, 1959)?
When you practice a lot, you can reduce reaction time.
*4 choice RT was reduced to 2 choice RT
What was found in “Digit Naming” Study ( Mowbray, 1960)?
Visually present number and calling it out has no difference in reaction because it is highly practiced and a direct response
*Calling 2 different numbers or 10 numbers is no difference,
What happens to the Reaction Time as stimulus and response improves?
Reaction Time will decrease
What is the Stroop Effect?
Saying color ink of a word
What are steps an individual must prepare for before initiating a response?
- Select a response
- Have motor program prepared
- Ready Motor System for action
What is an example of possibly increasing/decreasing reaction time by influencing response programming phase?
complexity of movement result
What was found during Henry & Rogers Experiment (1960)?
Simple Reaction time changes as movement becomes more complex
Example:
*Lifting Finger THEN *Lifting Finger, & grasping ball THEN *Lifting Finger, touching ball, hit button…
What is related to increasing reaction time to complexity of response increase?
- Number of parts to movement sequence
- Movement accuracy required
- Movement duration
What other factors can influent Reaction Time?
Precuing
Foreperiod
Repeitions of Movements
What is Precuring?
Risk of acting before stimulus
Example: Shooting without knowing if there is a defender behind you
How can a constant Foreperiod effect Reaction Time?
Reaction Time will decrease
BASICALLY, Predicting stimulus before it happens
In 2 different responses, Reaction time will increase for the second time. How does this work for Basketball Fake?
What is this called? _________ ____________ Period.
When doing a basketball fake, fake a shot and waiting for the defender to complete their jump before jumping again (2nd time).
This is called PSYOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD
In the equation:
Choice Reaction Time = a + b [Log2(N)]
What is a & b?
a = simple reaction time ; y-intercept
b= amount that RT increases every time uncertainty doubles ; slope
Wen responding to 2 different signals, Will Reaction time increase or decrease for the second movement?
Increase
