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KINE301 > Lec 3 Neurophysiology Part 2: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Lec 3 Neurophysiology Part 2: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum is made up of the right and left cerebral hemisphere. What is it connected by?

A

Corpus Callosum & Anterior Commissure

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2
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex, covering the cerebrum, gray (gray matter)?

A

Lack of myelination

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3
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex have a very large surface area?

A

Because of more neurons, meaning the ability to process more information & speed

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4
Q

What are the four(4) lobes? What are they’re functions?

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) ) Occipital
4) Temporal

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5
Q

The Cerebral Cortex is loosely organized in a topographical map, is motor behavior processed in one area of the brain?

A

No, Different things of motor behavior are process in multiple areas of the brain

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6
Q

In the Frontal Lobe, What is the purpose of the Central Sulcus?

A

Dividing Frontal from parietal lob

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7
Q

In the Frontal Lobe, what is the purpose of the pre-central gyrus ( primary motor cortex)?

A

Initiate motor responses ( output directly to spinal cord)

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8
Q

In the frontal lobe, what is the purpose of the pre-motor area?

A

plans and sends plan to pre-central gyrus

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9
Q

In the frontal lobe, what is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex of lobe?

A

thinking, planning, aggression

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10
Q

Why is there more sensory in your hands?

A

Hands is what we use to define and characterize all objects when lacking another

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11
Q

What is the primary purpose of the temporal lobe?

A

Heading and smell (Auditory & Olfaction)

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12
Q

What is the Wernicke’s Area?

A

Area understanding speech storage of long term memories

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13
Q

What main purpose of Broca’s area?

A

Integration & association of speaking and understanding what you say

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14
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Disorder elated to language

Example: I had a stroke, leaving the left side of my brain damaged

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15
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

Brain injury related to carrying out purposeful voluntary movements (not paralyzed)

Example: I am tomorrow sister

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16
Q

What is CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encphalopathy?

A

Brain Injury lasting a lifetime caused by traumatic events

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17
Q

How can CTE be seen & what are the symptoms?

A

CTE can only be seen post death. It is due to the breaking of brain tissue, and building of tau protein

Symptoms: dementia & loss of motor control

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18
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Visual center & associated areas

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19
Q

Damage to visual cortex does not necessarily mean being blind,this is regarded as blindsight. What is Blindsight?

A

Believing you can’t see, but brain is stimulated because the connection from the eyes are still active

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20
Q

What is Basal Ganglia?

A

Group of ganglia or regions within the cerebrum & mid-brain

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21
Q

What are the (4) lobes of Basal Ganglia?

A

1) Striatum
2) Clobus Pallidus
3) Substantia Nigra
4) Subthalamic Nucleus

22
Q

Striatum of Basal Ganglia projects (2) pathways: Direct and Indirect. What does Direct and Indirect pathways do?

A 
Direct= Increase Motor Activity
Indirect= Exciting indirect pathway, there less motor activity
23
Q

***Go Over Direct & Indirect Pathway in Recording

A

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24
Q

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. What is its pathway, and what is its net effect?

A

Excites Direct Pathway ; Increased motor activity

25
Q

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter. What is its pathway, and what is its net effect?

A

Excited Indirect pathway; Decrease motor activity

26
Q

What are (2) disorders of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Hypokinesia & Hyperkinesia

27
Q

What is Hypokinesia? What is the decreased neurotransmitter? & How is it treated?

A

Loss of Motor Activity; Decrease in dopamine

Treatment: Dopamine agonist or agents to decrease Acetylcholine

28
Q

What is Hyperkinesia? What is the decreased neurotransmitter? & How is it treated?

A

Increased Motor Activity; Loss of GABAergic and Cholinergic cells (acetylcholine as neurotransmitter)

Treatment: cholinergic agaonist, or agents reducing dopamine

29
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

Combination of Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus

30
Q

What is the thalamus’s purpose?

A

Gateway for sensory/motor information to cortex

& important role in sensorimotor integration

31
Q

What is the Hypothalamus’s purpose?

A

Role in control of endocrine system, body homeostasis

32
Q

What is the Hippocampus’s purpose?

A

memory

33
Q

What happens in Corollary Discharge?

A

Cerebral Motor cortex sends copy of movement to thalamus. During movement, the thalamus compares the command to the sensory information, confirming desire movement/item is achieved.

Basically: Sending message to brain for an item you are wanting to touch, touching the item needed, then concluding that the item is what you wanted accordingly

34
Q

What is the Mesencephalon (below diencephalons, above brainstem)?

A

Area including the Superior Colliculi and the Inferior Coliiculi

35
Q

What is the difference between the Superior Colliculi & the Inferior Colliculi?

A

Superior Colliculi= Seeing and doing action

Inferior Colliculi= Identifying danger by sound

36
Q

Cerebellum has more neurons than the rest of the bra, What is its functions?

A

Execution of smooth & accurate movements
Control of posture
Motor Learning

37
Q

What are the (3) parts of the brainstem?

A

Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formation

38
Q

Where is the Pons located?

A

Bridge between cerebrum & cerebellum

Bridge between cerebrum & spinal cord

39
Q

What role does the Medulla do?

A

regulation of respiration & heartbeat
crossing of afferent/efferent pathways
“ingoing & outgoing” pathways

40
Q

What is the purpose of the Reticular Formation?

A

Access to all sensory information & can influence motor activity

41
Q

What does the EEG (electroencephalogry) do?

A

Measure of brain electrical activity where information is being processed during sleep or performance of a skill

42
Q

What does a PET (Positron Emission Tophography) do?

A

Measure blood flow & metabolic activity in the brain

43
Q

What does the fMRI do?

A

Magnetic field hat disturbs atoms momentarily & measure energy released as they relax

44
Q

What is the limitation of the fMRI?

A

Typically measures blood flow as an indication of activity

45
Q

***Look at Spinal Cord (Cross Section) Notes

A

….

46
Q

What is a plexus in the Spinal Nerves?

A

Complex networks formed by nerve root pairs

47
Q

What is another name for Sensory Pathways?

A

Ascending Tracts

48
Q

What are (2) important sensory tracts ( cerebrum)?

A

Dorsal Colum Medial Lemniscal Tract (Anterolateral System): Proprioception & temperature& touch & Pressure

Spinocerebellar Tracts: Transmitting proprioception to cerebellum

49
Q

What is another name for Motor Pathway?

A

Descending Tracts

50
Q

What is the tract name for Motor Pathway?

A

Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract (from cerebral cortext to spinal cord)

51
Q

What is the role of Extra Pyramidal Tract?

A

Posture control & limited role in hands and finger control

52
Q

What can Spinal Cord Injuries cause?

A

Interrupt communication between brain and periphery , while certain areas can affect motor control in different ways

KINE301 (13 decks)

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