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GIGU Exam 1 > Lecture 8: Histology of Small and Large Intestines > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Histology of Small and Large Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

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2
Q

What is the name of the transverse folds found in the mucosal layer of the SI that has submucosal core to increase the surface area of the small intestine

A

Plicae Circulares

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3
Q

What are the cells found in the villi of the small SI

A

Simple columnar epithelium of Enterocytes and goblet cells

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4
Q

What are the structural features of the SI

A

The surface of the SI consist of villi (mucosal folds that project into lumen). These villi are covered with microvilli to increase absorptive surface area of SI

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5
Q

What is the name of the structure found in the core of the intestinal villi of the SI

A

Lacteal

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa layer of the SI

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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7
Q

Small Intestine:

What is found in the submucosa layer

A

Dense irregular CT, Neurovascular, lymphatics and glands may be present

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8
Q

Small Intestine:

What is the Muscularis layer comprised of

A

Inner circular & outer longitudinal layers

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9
Q

Small Intestine:

Serosa or Adventitia present?

A

Serosa

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10
Q

What is the innervation of the SI & LI

A
  1. Submucosal plexus of Meissner
  2. Myenteric plexus of Auerbach (btw inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of muscularis externa)
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11
Q

Where are the intestinal glands of the SI located

A

In between the intestinal villi and are continuous with the simple columnar epithelium of enterocytes and goblet cells

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12
Q

List the cells that can be found in the intestinal glands of the SI

A
  1. Paneth cells
  2. M (microfold) cells
  3. Intestinal stem cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
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13
Q

What is the function of Paneth cells and where are they found?

A

Function: Innate immunity & regulate normal bacterial flora

Location: Found at base of intestinal glands

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14
Q

What is the function of Intestinal Stem cells (ISCs) and where are they found?

A

Function: Repopulate epithelial lining

Location: Base of glands, near Paneth cells

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15
Q

What is the function of M (Microfold) Cells and where are they found?

A

Function: Highly specialized antigen-transporting cells

Location: Mucosa of Ileum overlying Peyer patches

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16
Q

Where is the function of Enteroendocrine Cells and where are they located

A

Function: Secrete hormones for digestive role

Located: Mucosa layer

17
Q

What type of cells are Enteroendocrine Cells and what system are the considered a part of

A

Most are Amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation (APUD_ cells - process amines

Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

18
Q

What are the two kinds of Enteroendocrine Cells

A
  1. Closed type - cellular apex is covered by neighboring epithelial cells and is not exposed to GI lumen
  2. Open type - Apical end of the cell contacts the lumen and has chemoreceptors that sample limical contents
19
Q

How can you distinguish the Duodenum from other areas of the SI

A

Presence of duodenal/Brunner’s glands in the submucosa. Other parts of the SI don’t have this

20
Q

How can you distinguish the Ileum from other parts of the SI

A
  • Presence of Peyer’s patches (MALT) in the mucosa layer
  • Villi is typically smaller than in jejunum
  • Paneth cells found at base of intestinal glands
21
Q

How can you distinguish the Jejunum from other parts of the SI

A
  • Lacks features that the duodenum and ilieum have (duodenal glands in submucosa & Peyer’s patches in Mucosa respectively)
  • Has longer Villi than Illeum
22
Q

What is the gastroduodenal junction and how can you identify it?

A

Region where the pyloric region of the stomach meets the small intestine.

Can be identified by the appearance of submucosal glands in the duodenum and presence of a pyloric sphincter

23
Q

What are the hallmarks of the large intestine

A
  1. No intestinal villi
  2. Large amounts of goblet cells
  3. Tubular intestinal glands are opened to lumen
24
Q
A
25
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa layer of the SI

A

Grandular, Simple columnar epithelium

26
Q

Large Intestine:

What is found in the submucosa layer

A

Dense irregular CT, vascularized

27
Q

Large Intestine:

What is the Muscularis layer comprised of

A

Typical Inner circular

Outer longitudinal layers is organized into Taenia coli which will form haustra

28
Q

Large Intestine:

Serosa or Adventitia present?

A

Intraperitoneal part - Serosa

Retroperitoneal part - Adventitia

29
Q

What cells comprise the mucosa layer of the LI

A

Glandular simple columnar epithelium of Colonocytes, goblet cells, stem cell & enteroendocrine cells

30
Q

What causes Hirschprung’s Disease?

A

Mutation of the RET gene required for migration & differention of neural crest cells leading to failure of the Enteric NS to develop in the distal colon. A lack of innervation to the distal colon prevents feaces from moving out of the colon as waste.

31
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Hirschprung’s Disease

A

Constipation, poor feeding, and progressive abdominal distention. Typically diagnosed < 48 hrs after birth.

32
Q

What are the parts of the Rectum

A

Upper part - Rectum proper

Lower part - Anal canal

Circumanal glands

Use slide for this

33
Q
A
34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the anal canal and what type of epithelium can you find there?

A
  1. Colorectal zone - Simple columnar epithelium identical to the rectum (upper 1/3)
  2. Anal transitional zone (ATZ) - Simple columnar epithelium –> stratifies squamous epithelium of perianal skin (middle 1/3)
  3. Squamous zone - Stratified squamous epithelium continuous with perineal skin (lower 1/3)
35
Q

What forms the internal anal sphincter

A

Inner circular layer of the muscularis externa thickens at the level of the anus

GIGU Exam 1 (25 decks)

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