Lecture 8 Hardware Software & Networks

Question 1

IT (Information Technology)

Answer 1

The use of computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange electronic data.

Question 2

What are the key components from IT?

Answer 2

Hardware
Software
Databases
Networks

Question 3

Hardware

Answer 3

Physical components of a computer system.
Examples:

Computer
Server
Mobile Phone

Question 4

Software

Answer 4

Programs and operating systems that run on hardware to perform tasks.

Question 5

System Software

Answer 5

(e.g., operating systems like Windows, Linux)

Question 6

Application Software

Answer 6

e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Chrome

Question 7

Database

Answer 7

A collection of organized data that serves many applications by centralizing and controlling redundant data.

Question 8

What are the key components from a database?

Answer 8

Tables
Relationships between tables
Metadata

Question 9

IPO Model

Answer 9

A framework describing the flow of data within a system:

Input: Data entering the system (e.g., Wifi, 4G, NFC)

Processing: Data manipulation (e.g., ALU performing arithmetic)

Output: Results (e.g., displayed information)

Question 10

Binary Representation

Answer 10

A system that uses two symbols (0 and 1) to represent data.

Question 11

Bits

Answer 11

Basic unit of data (0 or 1)

Question 12

Byte

Answer 12

A group of 8 bits

Question 13

Transistors & Gates

Answer 13

Basic electronic components that manipulate electrical current to perform computations.

Question 14

Function Transistors

Answer 14

Act as switches for binary data

Question 15

Function of gates

Answer 15

Perform logical operations (AND, OR, NOT)

Question 16

Thinking in Layers

Answer 16

A method of structuring IT systems, where higher layers depend on the capabilities of lower layers.
Example:

Bottom Layer: Hardware
Middle Layer: Operating Systems
Top Layer: Application Software

Question 17

Client-Server Model

Answer 17

A system where one device (client) requests services from another device (server).

Question 18

How does a client-server model work

Answer 18

Client sends a request (e.g., webpage request).
Server processes and responds (e.g., sends webpage content).
Advantages: Fast, distributed, customizable
Disadvantages: Maintenance costs, potential for system crashes

Question 19

Network Topology

Answer 19

The physical or logical arrangement of network devices.

Question 20

Database Relationships

Answer 20

Connections between different tables in a database.
Example: A Customer table can be linked to an Orders table to show which customer made which purchase.

Question 21

Internet Protocol (IP)

Answer 21

A set of rules for routing data packets across networks.

Question 22

IP Address

Answer 22

Unique identifier for devices on the network.

Question 23

IPv4

Answer 23

The most common IP format (e.g., 165.193.123.253).

Question 24

Router

Answer 24

Device that directs data traffic based on IP addresses

Question 25

Protocols & Standards

Answer 25

Definition: Agreed-upon rules that define how systems communicate.
Examples:

TCP/IP: Protocols for data transmission on the internet.
Unicode: Standard for encoding characters (e.g., A = 65).

Question 26

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Answer 26

The address of a resource on the internet.
Structure:

Protocol (e.g., http://)
Domain Name (e.g., www.example.com)

Question 27

Metadata

Answer 27

Definition: Data that describes other data.
Types:

Descriptive: Information like date or camera model in photos.

Structural: How data is organized, like relationships in a database.

Administrative: Details like file size and permissions.

Question 28

Network Devices
Examples:

Router:

Answer 28

Connects networks together (e.g., home to the internet).

Question 29

Switch network device example

Answer 29

Connects devices within the same network.

Question 30

Modem network devices example

Answer 30

Converts internet signals from ISPs.

Question 31

Access Point network device example

Answer 31

Provides wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi).