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Physiology 202 > Lecture #8 Cardiovascular System: The Blood Physical Properties and Ethroycytes > Flashcards

Lecture #8 Cardiovascular System: The Blood Physical Properties and Ethroycytes Flashcards

1
Q

What cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids?

A

Blood and Intersistial Fluid

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2
Q

What diffuses into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

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3
Q

Does waste move in the same direction of the nutrients or reverse diretion?

A

Wastes move in the reverese direction

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4
Q

What is it called when someone is study the blood and blood disorders?

A

Hematology

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5
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A

Plasma, a clear straw colored water liquid–91.5% water, and 8.5% solutes

Formed elements (Cells and cell fragments)

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6
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Over 90% water, 7% plasma proteins which is created in liver, confined to bloodstream.

Albumin: maintain blood osmotic pressure

Globulines (immunoglobulins): antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens, which form antigen-antibody complexes

Fibrinogen: for clotting

2% other substances: electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

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7
Q

What are Red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

What are White Blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

What are granular leukocytes?

A

Neurtrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

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10
Q

What are Agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes=T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Monocytes

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11
Q

What are platelets?

A

Special cell fragments

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12
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

Percentage of blood occupied by cells

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13
Q

38-46% (Average of 42%) is the average of what gender for erythrocytes?

A

Female Normal Range of RBC

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14
Q

40-54% (Average of 46%) is the average of what gender for erythrocytes?

A

Male Normal Range–is higher because of their testosterone.

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15
Q

What is it called when one does not have enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin?

A

Anemia

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16
Q

What is it called when one has too many RBCs (over 65%) following dehydration, tissue hypoxia, and blood doping in athletes?

A

Polycythemia

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17
Q

What are some of the chararcteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)?

A

Biconcave disc–increases surface area available for oxygen binding

About 8 uM in diameter

About 2 uM thick

No nulceus

Filled with hemoglobin (Hb)

Easily deformed

3,000,000 new RBCs enter bloodstream every second

~280 million Hb molecules in each red blood cell

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18
Q

What is a normal hemoglobin?

A

Composed of four protein chains–2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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19
Q

What is a heme group?

A

A porphyrin ring surrounding a single iron moelcule

Each iron molecul ecan bind one molecule of oxygen (O2)

So, 4 molecules of O2/hemoglobin molecule

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20
Q

What is the function of Hb?

A

Each Hb molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2.

21
Q

O2 is loaded onto hemoglobin in _______ and transported to the tissues cells by the blood.

A

Lung Capillaries

22
Q

What other nutrients does Hb transport?

A

Hb also transport ~20% of the total CO2 produced in tissue cells the CO2 combines with amino acids in the globin portion of Hb

23
Q

What is the blood concentration of Hb for men?

A

16 grams/ 100 ml of blood

24
Q

What is the blood concentration of Hb for women?

A

14 grams/ 100 ml of blood in women

25
Q

What is the average percentage of total blood volume for RBC?

A

RBCs or “hematocrit” comprises ~45% of the total blood volume

26
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Fomation of Erythrocytes (RBCs) in red bone marrow

27
Q

After birth, stem cells differentiate into ____________.

A

Proerythroblasts

28
Q

Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate stages to become __________.

A

Reticulocytes

29
Q

When reticulocytes reach maturity, _____is produced and the _____ is ejected.

A

Hb, Nucleus

30
Q

With reticulocytes, Hb and nucleus results in the formation of a mature ______.

A

Ertyrocyte

31
Q

What is hemopoietic growth factors?

A

Regulate differentiation & proliferation of blood cells

32
Q

What is Erthropoietin (EPO)?

A

It is produced by kidneys, travels to bone morrow and stimulates stem cells and RBC production

33
Q

What is thrombopoietin (TPO)?

A

It is a hormone from liver, and stimulatees platelet formation

34
Q

What is Cytokines?

A

They are “local hormones” of bone marrowl; produced by some marrow cells to stimulate prolieration in other marrow cells as well as colony-stimulatiing factors (CSF) & interleukins stimulate WBC production

35
Q

What does the medical usage do for growth factors?

A

It helps with availability through recombinant DNA technology

36
Q

What protein helps effectively in treating decreased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease?

A

Recombinant Erthropoietin (EPO)

37
Q

How does chemotherapy help cancer patients when they stimulate WBC formation?

A

Chemotherapy because it kills bone marrow

38
Q

What helps prevent depletion during chemotherapy?

A

Thrombopoietin

39
Q

What are some characteristics for athletes when they are in the process of blood doping or “boosting”?

A

Inject previously stored RBCs before event

More cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues

Increases viscosity of the blood

Increases work of the heart

40
Q

What is the RBC Life cycle?

A

Worn out cells removed by fixed macrophages in spleen & liver

41
Q

How long are the RBCs life cycle?

A

Last ~ 120 Days

42
Q

During the RBC life cycle what are actions taking place?

A

RBCs wear out from bending to fit through capillaries, no repair possible due to lack of nucleu which results to the breakdown products are recycled.

43
Q

In the destruction and recycling of RBCs what actions are taking place?

A

In macrophages of liver or spleen, globin broken down into amino acids, recycled, heme portion split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment)

44
Q

What else happens to the Heme components?

A

Iron (Fe3+) transported in blood attached to protein, which is stored in liver, muscle or spleeen, which is attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein and then is transported to bone marrow for use in hemoglobin synthesis.

45
Q

What does biliverdin converted to?

A

Bilirubin—it is secreted by liver into bile–bile is exreted via kidneys and intestine

46
Q

What is platelets?

A

Also known as thrombocytes, their major function is blood clotting.

47
Q

Platelets are _____ shaped cell fragments, with a diameters of about ______ micrometers.

A

Irregular, 2-4 micrometers

48
Q

Approximately _______platelets per microliter of blood.

A

150,000-400,000

Physiology 202 (19 decks)

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