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SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy > Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left ventricle
  4. Left atrium
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2
Q

What are the atria separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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3
Q

What are the ventricles separated by?

A

Interventricular septum

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4
Q

What are the great vessels connected to the heart?

A
  1. Superior and inferior vena cavae
  2. Pulmonary trunk, arteries, and veins
  3. Aorta
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5
Q

Purpose of the right side of the heart?

A

Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit: to the lungs and back to the heart

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6
Q

Purpose of the left side of the heart?

A

Pumps blood through systemic circuit: to all systemic vessels and back

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7
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Biggest arterial vessel of the body that exits the left ventricle

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8
Q

What are the right atrium and ventricle separated by?

A

Tricuspid valve

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9
Q

What are the left atrium and ventricle separated by?

A

Mitral valve

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10
Q

What are the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk separated by?

A

Pulmonary valve

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11
Q

What are the left ventricle and aorta separated by?

A

Aortic valve

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12
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves separating the heart’s ventricles from outflow tracts

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13
Q

What are the heart valves important for?

A

Prevent backflow of blood to ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart

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14
Q

Describe the cardiovascular pathway.

A

Right atrium => tricuspid valve => right ventricle => pulmonary valve => pulmonary trunk => right and left pulmonary arteries => right and left lungs alveolar capillaries => 4 pulmonary veins => left atrium => mitral valve => left ventricle => aortic valve => aorta => capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs => superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus => right atrium

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15
Q

Role of superior vena cava?

A

Vein that drains blood from above the diaphragm to right atrium

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16
Q

Role of inferior vena cava?

A

Vein that drains blood from below the diaphragm to right atrium

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17
Q

What does a trunk refer to in anatomy?

A

Short structure that divides right away

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18
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into? Where do these go?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries: each one goes to a lung

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19
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there? Where are they located?

A

4

2 on each side of the left atrium

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20
Q

What do arteries carry? Exception?

A

Oxygenated blood

Pulmonary and umbilical arteries

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21
Q

What do veins carry? Exception?

A

Deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary and umbilical veins

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22
Q

What is the coronary circulation?

A

Circulation (veins and arteries) providing vascularization to the heart

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23
Q

How is the heart angled in the body?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Inferior
  3. Left

of thoracic cavity

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24
Q

What forms the most anterior heart surface?

A

Right ventricle

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25
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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26
Q

What forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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27
Q

What forms the most posterior heart surface?

A

Left atrium

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28
Q

Which is more variable: arterial or venous distribution of vessels?

A

Venous

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29
Q

Describe the branching of the aorta.

A
  1. Ascending aorta: coronary arteries (right and left)
  2. Aortic arch: (from right to left)
    - Brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian and right common carotid artery
    - Left common carotid artery
    - Left subclavian artery
  3. Descending aorta: descending down through posterior thorax and abdomen and splits for legs and pelvis
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30
Q

Pathway through the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta => aortic arch => descending aorta

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31
Q

Where is the right common carotid artery? What does it supply?

A

From brachiocephalic trunk to neck

Supplies face and head

32
Q

Where is the right subclavian artery? What does it supply?

A

From brachiocephalic trunk to shoulder under clavicle and over rib 1

Supplies axilla and right upper limb

33
Q

What does it mean when a vessel is called common?

A

It will divide

34
Q

What does the right common carotid artery divide into?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery

2. External carotid artery

35
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

Brain

36
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

Face

37
Q

What does the right subclavian artery divide into?

A
  1. Axillary artery

2. Vertebral artery

38
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply?

A

Brain

39
Q

What 2 arteries contribute to the cerebral circulation?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery

2. Vertebral artery

40
Q

Where is the vertebral artery located?

A

Within a hole in cervical vertebrae from right subclavian artery to head

41
Q

Describe the venous circulation from the head.

A

Internal/external jugular veins and the vertebral vein drain into the subclavian vein => right and left brachiocephalic veins => superior vena cava => right atrium

42
Q

Are brachiocephalic arteries paired?

A

YUP

43
Q

Are brachiocephalic veins paired?

A

YUP

44
Q

Pathway of axillary artery?

A

Axillary artery =>
- Brachial artery that travels in the anterior compartment => elbow => ulnar artery => superficial and deep palmar arches

  • Brachial artery that travels in the posterior compartment = deep brachial branch => elbow => radial artery => superficial and deep palmar arches
45
Q

What provides blood to boobs?

A

Axillary artery

46
Q

What vessel do we use for blood pressure?

A

Brachial artery

47
Q

What is another name for the deep brachial branch?

A

Profunda brachii branch

48
Q

What does the deep brachial branch go through the upper limbs with?

A

Radial nerve

49
Q

Why do we take wrist pulse on the thumb/radius side?

A

Because the ulnar artery travels posterior to a tendon

50
Q

What is an anastomosis? E.g.?

A

Cross-connection between adjacent vessels

E.g. deep and superficial arches of the palm

51
Q

What pulse is felt in cubital fossa?

A

Brachial artery

52
Q

How to assess ulnar and radial contribution to palmar arches?

A

Allen test:

  • Clenched fist with thumbs occluding radial and ulnar arteries
  • Relaxed fist with thumb occluding one of the arteries while the other is released
53
Q

Pathway of descending aorta?

A

Descending aorta => thoracic aorta => abdominal aorta => right and left common iliac arteries => right and left internal and external iliac arteries => external ones pass under inguinal ligament to become femoral arteries => femoral triangle (anterior side of thigh) and adductor canal (medial side of thigh) => popliteal arteries (posterior knee) => anterior and posterior (through tarsal tunnel in foot) tibial arteries => anterior tibial arteries become dorsalis pedis arteries in dorsal foot => arches of blood supply from both anterior and posterior tibial arteries

54
Q

What does the thoracic aorta supply?

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Pericardium
  3. Esophagus
  4. Mediastinium
  5. Thoracic wall through posterior intercostal arteries between the ribs
55
Q

When does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

When it passes the diaphragm

56
Q

Where do thoracic wall and structures drain to superior vena cava?

A

Azygos system of veins on the posterior thoracic wall end with the azygos vein connecting to the SVC

57
Q

3 unpaired branches of abdominal aorta? What does each supply?

A
  1. Celiac trunk: foregut
  2. Superior mesenteric artery: midgut
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery: hindgut
58
Q

What does the abdominal aorta supply?

A

Digestive organs

59
Q

What is the developing gut derived from in embryology?

A

3 embryonic divisions:

  1. Foregut
  2. Midgut
  3. Hindgut
60
Q

What does the foregut develop into?

A
  1. Esophagus to duodenum (until major duodenal papilla)
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Spleen
61
Q

What does the midgut develop into?

A
  1. Duodenum (after major duodenal papilla)
  2. Small intestine
  3. Large intestine
  4. 2/3rds of transverse colon
62
Q

What does the hindgut develop into?

A

Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to superior portion of the rectum

63
Q

Are the branches of the abdominal aorta paired or no?

A

Both

64
Q

What do the paired branches of the abdominal aorta supply?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Adrenal glands
  3. Kidneys
  4. Ovaries/Testes
  5. Posterior abdominal wall
  6. Sacrum and coccyx
  7. Lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limbs
65
Q

What is special about the gonadal arteries?

A

The ovaries/testes are far away from the branching point because they originally form in the abdomen and then descend during development

66
Q

What is the abdominal venous circulation called? Describe it.

A

Hepatic portal circulation:

Splenic vein (foregut), inferior and superior mesenteric veins (midgut and hindgut) => hepatic portal vein => sinusoids in liver in capillary bed => hepatic veins => inferior vena cava

67
Q

What is special about portal systems?

A

A vein drains into a second capillary bed before returning to venous circulation

68
Q

What abdominal organs do not drain into the portal circulation?

A

Many of those that are not in foregut, midgut and hindgut

69
Q

What are the 3 major places where the portal circulation forms anastomoses with the systemic circulation? What is this called?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Rectum
  3. Paraumbilical area

Portal-systemic anastomosis or portal-caval anastomosis

70
Q

What does systemic circulation refer to?

A

Veins drain directly into vena cavae or azygos system

71
Q

Other name for paraumbilical wall?

A

Anterior abdominal wall

72
Q

Where does the most severe blood pressure build-up occur when there is a blockage in the hepatic portal circulation?

A

3 major places with portal-systemic anastomoses

73
Q

What are the 2 common iliac arteries? What does each supply?

A
  1. External iliac artery: lower limbs

2. Internal iliac artery: anterior and posterior trunks

74
Q

What does the anterior trunk include?

A
  1. Pelvic viscera (not gonads)
  2. Perineum
  3. Gluteal region
  4. Inner thigh
75
Q

What does the posterior trunk include?

A
  1. Pelvic wall

2. Gluteal region

76
Q

What is an aortic dissection?

A

Split of arterial wall that makes it weaker and makes it distribute blood to false lumen

77
Q

What does the common iliac artery supply?

A
  1. Lower abdominal wall
  2. Pelvic organs (not gonads)
  3. Lower limbs

SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy (10 decks)

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