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SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy > Lecture 3 - Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory information? How to differentiate them?

A
  1. Somatic = Conscious: pain, proprioception, etc => can be pinpointed to an exact location
  2. Visceral = Unconscious: coming from viscera/glands => cannot be pinpointed
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2
Q

Which innervates more tissues: sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

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3
Q

List the 5 segments of the spinal cord from superior to inferior.

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccigeal
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4
Q

Describe the organization of the spinal nerves.

A

Rootlets => dorsal/ventral roots => spinal nerves => dorsal/ventral rami

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5
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Collection of cell bodies in the PNS

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6
Q

What kind of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar

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7
Q

What kind of information does a spinal nerve carry? What do we call this?

A

Both motor and sensory = mixed nerve

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8
Q

What do the posterior rami supply?

A

Back intrinsic muscles and skin covering them

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9
Q

What do the anterior rami supply?

A

Limbs and ventral portion of the body

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10
Q

How many neurons from spinal cord involved in somatic motor innervation?

A

Single one connecting spinal cord to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

How many neurons from spinal cord involved in visceral motor innervation? What is the exception?

A

2: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons which synapse at ganglia

Exception: adrenal medulla composed of modified postganglionic neurons and innervated by preganglionic thoracic splanchnic sympathetic neurons

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12
Q

What are the 3 autonomic ganglia of the PNS?

A
  1. Paravertebral (chain) ganglia
  2. Prevertebral ganglia
  3. Intramural ganglia
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13
Q

Parasympathetic NS: how does the length of the preganglionic neuron compare to the postganglionic neuron? Why?

A

Longer preganglionic neuron because intramural ganglia are in the walls of the target organs

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14
Q

Sympathetic NS: how does the length of the preganglionic neuron compare to the postganglionic neuron? Why?

A

Longer postganglionic neuron because paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are close to spinal cord

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15
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse along the spinal cord? What do we call this?

A

T1 to L2 spinal segments = thoracolumbar outflow

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16
Q

Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse along the spinal cord? What do we call this?

A
  1. Brainstem cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, X)
  2. S2 to S4 spinal segments (sacral spinal cord)

Craniosacral outflow

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17
Q

Sympathetic outflow: if neurons only exit at T1-L2, how do we get
sympathetic signals to the top and the bottom of the body?

A

Along the length of sympathetic outflow (and through the WHOLE spinal column) we have sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) where many of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers can move (up or down) to various sympathetic chain ganglia all along the length of the spinal cord and will form synapses with postganglionic fibers

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18
Q

How will the regions that can’t be innervated by the Vagus nerve be parasympathetically innervated? What are these 2 regions?

A

Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves in the sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

Hindgut and pelvis

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19
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on heart?

A
  1. Increased heart rate

2. Increase in force of contraction

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20
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?

A

Constriction

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21
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

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22
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on GIT?

A
  1. Decreased motility
  2. Sphincter contraction
  3. Decreased secretions
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23
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on bladder?

A

Inhibits urination

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24
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on penis?

A

Ejaculation

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25
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on skin?

A

Sweating

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26
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation on heart?

A

Decreased heart rate

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27
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?

A

No effect except in genitalia (dilation) => erection

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28
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation on lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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29
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation on GIT?

A
  1. Increased motility
  2. Sphincter relaxation
  3. Increased secretions
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30
Q

Where are the autonomic preganglionic neuron bodies found?

A

Ventral horns of spinal cord

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31
Q

Describe the sympathetic autonomic motor innervation pathway to the peripheral parts of the body.

A

Preganglionic neuron in ventral horn of spinal cord => anterior root => spinal nerve => white ramus communicans => synapse in paravertebral ganglion (same level/up/down the spinal cord) => postganglionic neuron => gray rami communicans => anterior or posterior ramus

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32
Q

Are there more white or gray rami? Why?

A

Gray because you only need a white rami at the T1-L2 segment of the spinal cord but gray rami occur anywhere along the spinal cord

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33
Q

Describe the 2 sympathetic autonomic motor innervation pathways to viscera. What does each innervate?

A
  1. Cardiopulmonary nerves (thoracic cavity): preganglionic neuron in ventral horn of spinal cord => anterior root => spinal nerve => white ramus communicans => synapse in paravertebral ganglion (same level/up/down the spinal cord) => postganglionic neuron (cardiopulmonary nerves) => viscera
  2. Splanchnics (abdominopelvic cavity): preganglionic neuron in ventral horn spinal cord => anterior root => spinal nerve => white ramus communicans => paravertebral ganglion (no synapse and same level/up/down the spinal cord) => splanchnic nerve exiting the paravertebral ganglion => synapse in prevertebral ganglion => postganglionic neuron => viscera
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34
Q

Are both pre and postganglionic nerves true splanchnic?

A

Only preganglionic

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35
Q

Do sacral splanchnic preganglionic neurons come out of the sacral spinal cord?

A

NOPE, the thoracolumbar one and then travel down the paravertebral chain ganglion to the sacral spinal cord

36
Q

What do we call the sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Pelvic splanchnics

37
Q

What are the only parasympathetic splanchnics?

A

Pelvic splanchnics

38
Q

Where are the intramural ganglia of the parasympathetic NS located?

A

Generally near target tissues

39
Q

What kind of innervation do visceral plexuses receive?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

40
Q

What are the 4 basic somatic plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
41
Q

From what anterior rami is the brachial plexus formed?

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1

42
Q

What 2 parts of the body does the brachial plexus innervate?

A
  1. Skin and muscles of upper limbs

2. Muscles that help control upper limbs (in back and shoulders)

43
Q

What are the 4 brachial plexus terminal nerves? Describe their location.

A

Anterior side of plexus they form an M:

  1. Musculocutenous nerve (lateral end of M)
  2. Radial nerve (posterior to M structure)
  3. Median nerve (middle of M)
  4. Ulnar nerve (medial end of M)
44
Q

Describe the location of the brachial plexus.

A

Starts at C5, travels down the neck to a region called the axilla (armpit) to T1

45
Q

What are the 5 regions of the brachial plexus? What does this allow?

A
  1. Roots
  2. Trunks
  3. Divisions
  4. Cords
  5. Branches

Lots of terminal nerves will get contributions from multiple segments of the spinal cord

46
Q

What 2 parts of the body does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A
  1. Entire anterior compartment (including biceps)

2. Skin of lateral forearm

47
Q

What 3 parts of the body does the radial nerve innervate?

A
  1. Triceps
  2. Posterior forearm muscles
  3. Overlying skin of both
48
Q

What 3 parts of the body does the median nerve innervate?

A
  1. Forearm: most anterior compartment (except those innervated by ulnar nerve)
  2. Lateral 2/3rds of the hand: thenar eminence and 2 other muscles
  3. Overlying skin of hand
49
Q

What 2 parts of the body does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A
  1. Forarm: flexor carpi ulnaris, 1/2 flexor digitorum profundus
  2. Hand: all intrinsic muscles excepts those innervated by median nerve
  3. Overlying skin of hand
50
Q

What nerve is affected when you bump your funny bone?

A

Ulnar nerve

51
Q

Where is the braxial plexus located in relation to the axillary artery?

A

Anterior

52
Q

Where is the radial nerve located in relation to the axillary artery?

A

Posterior

53
Q

What are some causes of superior brachial plexus injuries (C5-6)? How do we classify these?

A

Excessive increase in the angle between the neck and the shoulder: either trauma or obstetrics

54
Q

What are causes of inferior brachial plexus injuries (C8-T1)? How do we classify these?

A

Occurs when upper limb is suddenly pulled superiorly causing stretching of the armpit: either trauma or obstetrics

55
Q

Nerves affected by superior brachial plexus injuries?

A

C5 and C6

56
Q

Nerves affected by inferior brachial plexus injuries?

A

C8 and T1

57
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus control?

A

Everything that moves the lower limbs

58
Q

What are 4 nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?

A
  1. Femoral
  2. Obturator
  3. Sciatic
  4. Pudendal
59
Q

What is the biggest nerve of the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

60
Q

What part of the body does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Anterior thigh

61
Q

What part of the body does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Medial thigh

62
Q

What are the 2 branches of the sciatic nerve and what does each innervate?

A
  1. Tibial nerve: posterior leg and foot

2. Common fibular nerve: anterior and lateral leg, foot

63
Q

What is another name for the common fibular nerve?

A

Peroneal nerve

64
Q

What 2 parts of the body does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A
  1. Perineum

2. Skin of external genitals

65
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

66
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

Portion where the anterior and posterior roots meat = very short portion

67
Q

What is another name for the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Deep back muscles

68
Q

Why do the intrinsic back muscles have a different innervation than the rest of the skeletal muscles?

A

Different embryological origin than all other skeletal muscles in the body

69
Q

Purpose of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintaining posture

70
Q

Does a synapse occur in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

NOPE

71
Q

What is another name for preganglionic neuron?

A

Presynaptic neuron

72
Q

Where do the posterior and anterior rami lead to?

A

Limbs and superficial parts of the body

73
Q

What are 3 other names for the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A
  1. Paravertebral ganglia
  2. Paravertebral trunks
  3. Sympathetic ganglia
74
Q

Are cardiopulmonary nerves true splanchnics?

A

Not technically, because postganglionic

75
Q

What are the 4 types of splanchnics and what do they each innervate? What kind of innervation does each provide?

A
  1. Thoracic (sympathetic): foregut and midgut of abdomen, adrenal glands, kidneys
  2. Lumbar (sympathetic): hindgut of abdomen, pelvis
  3. Sacral (sympathetic): pelvis
  4. Pelvic (parasympathetic): pelvis and hindgut
76
Q

Do sympathetic thoracic splanchnic innervates viscera in the thorax?

A

NOPE!! Cardipulmonary nerves take care of that

77
Q

Describe the pathway of the innervation of the adrenal medulla.

A

Preganglionic neuron in ventral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord => anterior root => spinal nerve => white ramus communicans => paravertebral ganglion (no synapse) => splanchnic nerve exits => prevertebral ganglion (no synapse) => synapse on adrenal medulla

78
Q

Where does vagus nerve innervation start and end?

A

Starts at foregut and ends after midgut

79
Q

Can a plexus be somatic or visceral?

A

YUP

80
Q

Are visceral plexuses both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

YUP

81
Q

What is another name for the pudendal nerve?

A

Shameful nerve

82
Q

Do both the nerves of the sympathetic innervation of the periphery and the viscera both use the paravertebral ganglia to travel up and down the spinal cord?

A

YUP

83
Q

Describe the parasympathetic autonomic motor innervation pathway to the hindgut and pelvis.

A

Preganglionic neuron in ventral horn of sacral spinal cord (S2-S4) => anterior root => spinal nerve => anterior ramus => pelvic splanchnics => prevertebral ganglion (no synapse) => intramural ganglion => postganglionic neuron => viscera

84
Q

Describe the parasympathetic autonomic motor innervation pathway to the foregut and midgut.

A

Vagus nerve => prevertebral ganglion (no synapse) => intramural ganglion => postganglionic neuron => viscera

85
Q

Where are abdominal PREvertebral ganglia located in the abdomen?

A

Around the aorta near the major unpaired branches to the digestive tract (celiac, SMA, and IMA)

86
Q

What is an example of a visceral plexus?

A

Plexus on the aorta from splanchnic nerve innervation = prevertebral plexus

87
Q

What 3 nerves are located anterior to the axillary artery? List them from lateral to medial

A
  1. Musculocutaneous
  2. Median
  3. Ulnar

SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy (10 decks)

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