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SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy > Lecture 6 - Osteology and Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Osteology and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 components of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Bones 2. Joints 3. Tendons 4. Ligaments 5. Cartilage 6. Teeth
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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Provides shape and form for our bodies 2. Protects vital organs 3. Body movement by attachment to muscles 4. Produces blood cells (bone marrow) 5. Mineral storage area
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3
Q

2 minerals stored in the bone?

A

Calcium and phosphate

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4
Q

How many bones in the adult human body?

A

206

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5
Q

More or less bones in children?

A

More

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skeletal system? Describe each.

A
  1. Axial: bones that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk
  2. Appendicular: bones that anchor appendages to the axial skeleton
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7
Q

List the 4 parts of the axial skeleton.

A
  1. Skull 2. Sternum 3. Ribs 4. Vertebral column
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8
Q

List the parts of the appendicular skeleton.

A
  1. Upper limbs 2. Lower limbs 3. Shoulder girdle 4. Pelvic girdle
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9
Q

What are bones?

A

Organ-calcified, living, connective tissue

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10
Q

3 types of cells in bone? What does each do?

A
  1. Osteoblasts: form bone 2. Osteoclasts: resorb or break down bone 3. Osteocytes: mature bone cells
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11
Q

What are the 3 constituents of bone?

A
  1. Intercellular calcified matrix 2. Collagen fibers 3. Several cell types
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12
Q

What causes an osteoblast to mature into an osteocyte?

A

When it has formed all of the bone it could

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13
Q

How does the number of osteocytes in our bones change as we age?

A

Increases

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14
Q

How does the number of osteoblasts in our bones change as we age?

A

Decreases

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15
Q

What 2 hormones regulate the blood concentration of calcium? How do they work?

A
  1. Calcitonin: activate osteoblasts 2. Parathyroid: activate osteoclasts
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16
Q

What bone cell type does growth hormone affect?

A

Activates osteoblasts

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17
Q

What bone cell type does estrogen affect?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts

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18
Q

What bone issue does menopause cause?

A

Osteoporosis (loss of bone density) because osteoclasts are no longer inhibited by estrogen

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19
Q

Describe the outside vs inside of bones?

A

Outside: dense - little to no space between matrix and cells Inside: less dense

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20
Q

What 4 hormones affect bone cells?

A
  1. Calcitonin 2. Parathyroid 3. Growth hormone 4. Estrogen
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21
Q

What are the 2 bone types?

A
  1. Compact 2. Spongy
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22
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

Outer shell of all of the bones that is more dense

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23
Q

% weight of bone formed by compact bone?

A

80%

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24
Q

Function of compact bone?

A

Bone strength and rigidity

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25
Q

Describe spongy bone.

A

Less dense and consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells

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26
Q

What are bones classified by?

A
  1. Shape 2. Compact/Spongy content
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27
Q

Do most bones contain both compact and spongy bone types?

A

YUP

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28
Q

2 functions of spongy bone?

A
  1. Lighter to allow for movement 2. Space for bone marrow
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29
Q

Which skeleton has more compact bone?

A

Axial

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30
Q

Which skeleton has more spongy bone?

A

Appendicular

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31
Q

2 bones of the head?

A
  1. Cranium 2. Mandible
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32
Q

3 bones of the upper limbs?

A
  1. Humerus 2. Radius 3. Ulna
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33
Q

3 bones of the hands?

A
  1. Carpals (wrists) 2. Metacarpals (palm) 3. Phalanges (fingers)
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34
Q

2 bones of shoulder girdle?

A
  1. Clavicle (collar bone) 2. Scapula (shoulder blade)
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35
Q

2 bones of the trunk?

A
  1. Sternum 2. Ribs
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36
Q

4 bones of the lower limbs?

A
  1. Femur 2. Patella 3. Tibia 4. Fibula
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37
Q

In the leg which bone is more medial: tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

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38
Q

3 bones of feet?

A
  1. Tarsals (ankle) 2. Metatarsals (foot) 3. Phalanges (toes)
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39
Q

3 bones of pelvis? Describe their location.

A
  1. Ilium: most superior bone 2. Pubis: inferior and anterior 3. Ischium: inferior and posterior
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40
Q

Are the 3 bones of the pelvis separate bones?

A

NOPE - they fuse in adults

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41
Q

What is the bone of the bottom segment of the vertebra?

A

Sacrum

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42
Q

What does the sacrum attach to?

A

Pelvic bones

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43
Q

What bone attaches inferior to the sacrum? 2 names

A

Tail bone = coccyx

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44
Q

Biggest and heaviest long bone of body?

A

Femur

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45
Q

Which bone attaches to humerus superiorly?

A

Scapula

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46
Q

At what part does the clavicle attach to the scapula?

A

Acromion

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47
Q

Which is the largest bone of the pelvis?

A

Ilium

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48
Q

Describe long bones.

A
  1. Longer than they are wide 2. Long shaft with 2 bulky ends 3. Primarily compact bone and with some spongy in bulky ends
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49
Q

List 9 long bones.

A
  1. Clavicle 2. Humerus 3. Radius 4. Ulna 5. Femur 6. Tibia 7. Fibula 8. Metacarpals 9. Phalanges
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50
Q

Describe short bones.

A
  1. Cuboidal-vertical and horizontal dimensions are roughly equal 2. Primarily spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
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51
Q

List 2 short bones.

A
  1. Carpals 2. Tarsals
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52
Q

What are the types of bone?

A
  1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Sesamoid bones
53
Q

Describe flat bones.

A
  1. Thin, flat sheets 2. Two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone
54
Q

List 4 flat bones.

A
  1. Skull 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Scapula
55
Q

Describe irregular bones.

A
  1. Bones that don’t fit in other 3 categories 2. Usually spongy bone covered in small compact sheath
56
Q

List 3 irregular bones.

A
  1. Face 2. Vertebra 3. Pelvis
57
Q

Describe sesamoid bones.

A
  1. Round or oval 2. Found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
58
Q

List 3 places where sesamoid bones are found?

A
  1. Hand 2. Knee 3. Foot
59
Q

What kind of bone if the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

60
Q

Function of sesamoid bones?

A

Protect the tendon and joint and increase its mechanical effect

61
Q

Do bones have pain receptors?

A

NOPE

62
Q

Where does pain come from when we break a bone?

A

Periosteum rupture or pull

63
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Highly innervated and vascularized membrane that covers all of the bones

64
Q

Role of periosteum when bone is fractured?

A

Brings blood, cells, and nutrients to fix the fracture

65
Q

Describe cartilage.

A

Not as strong as bone but not as elastic as muscle

66
Q

Functions of cartilage?

A
  1. Supports soft tissues 2. Provides a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations at joints 3. Enable the development and growth of long bones
67
Q

Where does bone growth happen?

A

Area between cartilage and bone

68
Q

What does cartilage consists of?

A

Extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix

69
Q

What does the amount of kind of extracellular fibers in the cartilage matrix depend on?

A

The type of cartilage

70
Q

What kind of cartilage is found in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

71
Q

Describe the cartilage found in weight-bearing areas.

A

Inextensible with increased amount of collagen

72
Q

Describe the cartilage found in areas of less stress.

A

Contains elastic fibers and fewer collagen fibers

73
Q

What is a joint?

A

Site where two skeletal elements come together

74
Q

What are 2 types of joints?

A
  1. Skeletal elements separated by a cavity
  2. Skeletal elements held together by connective tissue
75
Q

What are examples of joints that do not move?

A
  1. Pelvic joints 2. Facial joints 3. Teeth 4. Skull joints
76
Q

What do synovial joints contain? Purpose of each?

A
  1. Synovial membrane: produces synovial fluid 2. Synovial fluid: lubricates the joint and acts as a shock absorber
77
Q

What covers the end of each bone in a synovial joint? Purpose?

A

Hyaline cartilage to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber

78
Q

Where is the synovial membrane found in a synovial joint?

A

Attaches where bone and cartilage meet on each bone and then passes in between the 2 bones

79
Q

What protects the synovial membrane in a synovial joint?

A
  1. Fibrous joint capsule 2. Ligament (optional)
80
Q

What does a ligament do?

A

Joins bone to bone

81
Q

What does a tendon do?

A

Joins muscle to bone to enable movement

82
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Connections between skeletal components separated by a narrow articular cavity

83
Q

What are synovial joints categorized by?

A
  1. Shape 2. Movement
84
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints based on shape?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivotal
  4. Ellipsoidal
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
85
Q

What are the 3 types of synovial joints based on movement?

A
  1. Uniaxial 2. Biaxial 3. Multi-axial
86
Q

Describe plane joints.

A

Non-axial joints that allow the sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another (both surfaces are flat)

87
Q

List 7 plane joints.

A
  1. Acromioclavicular 2. Tibiofibular 3. Intertarsal 4. Intercarpal 5. Intermetacarpal 6. Carpometacarpal 7. Sternoclavicular
88
Q

Describe hinge joints.

A

Uniaxial joint that allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint

89
Q

What 2 movements do hinge joints allow?

A
  1. Flexion 2. Extension
90
Q

List 3 hinge joints.

A
  1. Humeroular joint (elbow) 2. Ankle (between tibia and tarsals) 3. Interphalangeal
91
Q

Describe pivotal joints.

A

Uniaxial joint that allows movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone

92
Q

What is another name for pivotal joints?

A

Trochoid joints

93
Q

What movement do pivotal joints allow?

A

Rotation

94
Q

List 3 pivotal joints.

A
  1. Atlanto-axial joint 2. Superior and inferior radioulnar joints
95
Q

Where is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Between first 2 vertebrae

96
Q

Describe ellipsoidal joints.

A

Distinct convex surfaces articulate with concave surfaces and allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other (biaxial)

97
Q

What 5 movements do ellipsoidal joints allow?

A
  1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Circumduction (limited)
98
Q

List 4 ellipsoidal joints.

A
  1. Wrist (radiocarpal)
  2. Atlanto-occipital
  3. Metacarpophalangeal joints
  4. Femur and tibia
99
Q

Describe saddle joints.

A

The articular surfaces are saddle shaped (reciprocally concavoconvex) Allow movement around two axes (biaxial) that are at right angles to each other

100
Q

What 5 movements do saddle joints allow?

A
  1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Circumduction
101
Q

List 2 saddle joints.

A
  1. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb 2. Femur and patella
102
Q

Describe ball and socket joints.

A

Allow movement around multiple axes (multiaxial)

103
Q

What 6 movements do ball and socket joints allow?

A
  1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Circumduction 6. Rotation
104
Q

List 2 ball and socket joints.

A
  1. Hip joint 2. Shoulder joint
105
Q

Which synovial joints are most unstable and easily injured?

A

Ball and socket joints

106
Q

Describe solid joints. 2 types? How do they move?

A

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either

  1. Fibrous connective tissue

or by

  1. Cartilage

Movement of these joints is usually restricted

107
Q

Describe fibrous joints.

A

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together fibrous connective tissue

108
Q

What is another name for fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses

109
Q

3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses
110
Q

Where are sutures found?

A

Between bones of the skull

111
Q

Describe sutures.

A

Adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue: the sutural ligament

112
Q

Describe gomphoses. What do we call these?

A

Occurs between teeth and adjacent bone and made of short collagen tissue fibers that run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket “peg and socket” joints

113
Q

Describe syndesmoses.

A

Two adjacent bones linked by a ligament

114
Q

3 examples of syndesmoses?

A
  1. Radius and ulna 2. Tibia and fibula 3. Ligamentum flavum (connects adjacent vertebral laminae)
115
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Type of solid joint that connect skeletal elements by cartilage

116
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses
117
Q

2 examples of synchondroses?

A
  1. Ribs and sternum 2. Head and shaft of developing long bones
118
Q

Describe synchondroses.

A

Two ossification centers in a developing bone remain and are separated by a layer of cartilage

119
Q

Describe symphyses.

A

Ossified centers are interconnected via cartilage

120
Q

Where do symphyses usually occur?

A

In the midline

121
Q

2 examples of symphyses?

A
  1. Pubic symphysis 2. Intervertebral discs
122
Q

Other name for synchondroses?

A

Primary cartilaginous joints

123
Q

Other name for symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

124
Q

What happens to the pelvic bone of pregnant women?

A

Cartilage dissolves overtime so there is no anterior connection to the pelvic bones to allow for child birth

125
Q

Label.

A
126
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

Ellipsoidal

127
Q

Do ellipsoid and saddle joints have the same range of motion?

A

YUP

128
Q

What is the atlanto occipital joint?

A

Joint between skull and 1st vertebra

SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy (10 decks)

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