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SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy > Lecture 1 - Principles of Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Principles of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is another way of saying gross anatomy?

A

Macroscopic anatomy

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2
Q

What is morbid anatomy? What is another name for it?

A

Anatomy of diseased tissues = pathological anatomy

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3
Q

What are the 2 branches of microscopic anatomy?

A
  1. Histology

2. Cytology

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4
Q

What is topography anatomy?

A

That devoted to the determination of the relative positions of various body parts

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5
Q

What is special anatomy?

A

That devoted to the study of particular organs or parts

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6
Q

What are the 2 contexts necessary to learn anatomy?

A
  1. Context in which the terminology can be remembered

2. Context of the structure

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7
Q

What does the prefix “brachio-“ mean?

A

Arm

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8
Q

What does “common” mean when referring to a body part?

A

It will bifurcate and branch out

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9
Q

What does “carotid” mean? What does it refer to in anatomy?

A

Deep sleep

Going to the head

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10
Q

What are surface features?

A

Surface characteristics that are examinable (visible or palpatable) on a patient’s skin

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11
Q

What is oscultation? How do surface features help determine how to do this correctly?

A

Listening with stethoscope

Sternum angle level is at the level of the second rib and helps locate where to listen at different intercostal spaces

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12
Q

Is anatomy divided by physio systems?

A

NOPE

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13
Q

How is the study of anatomy divided?

A

By regions: upper limbs, thorax, etc.

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14
Q

What are the 6 specifications of the anatomical position?

A
  1. Standing erect
  2. Head, eye, and toes directed forward
  3. Upper limbs by the side
  4. Palms facing forward, fingers together
  5. Lower limbs together with toes pointing forward
  6. Penis is erect
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15
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance

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16
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes? Name if done symmetrically for each. Also describe each.

A
  1. Sagittal/median plane: cuts body in right and left side
  2. Transverse/horizontal: cuts body in superior and inferior parts
  3. Coronal/frontal: cuts body in anterior and posterior parts
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17
Q

Which anatomical plane is rarely used?

A

Coronal plane

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18
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Closer to the front

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19
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Closer to the back

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20
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Closer to the head

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21
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Closer to the feet

22
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to the midline

23
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Further from the midline

24
Q

What are the 6 terms of relationship in anatomy?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. Superior
  4. Inferior
  5. Medial
  6. Lateral
25
Q

What are the 6 terms of comparison in anatomy?

A
  1. Proximal
  2. Distal
  3. Superficial
  4. Deep
  5. Ispilateral
  6. Contralateral
26
Q

What are the 12 terms of movement in anatomy?

A
  1. Abduction
  2. Adduction
  3. Dorsiflexion
  4. Plantar flexion
  5. Flexion
  6. Extension
  7. Circumduction
  8. Opposition
  9. Reposition
  10. Pronation
  11. Supination
  12. Rotation
27
Q

What do the anatomical terms of movement refer to?

A

The angle of a joint and how it is going to change with movement

28
Q

What is flexion?

A

Bending or making a decreasing angle

29
Q

What is extension?

A

Straightening of a bent part or making an increasing angle

30
Q

How to flex the head?

A

Bend it forward

31
Q

How to flex the knee?

A

Bend foot toward butt

32
Q

How to flex the leg?

A

Move forward

33
Q

Which part of the body has its own medial plane? What is it?

A

The hand: the middle finger

34
Q

What is opposition?

A

When the thumb is brought to another digit

35
Q

What is reposition?

A

From the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

36
Q

What is pronation?

A

Outward roll of the limbs

37
Q

What is supination?

A

Inward roll of the limbs

38
Q

How to flex shoulder?

A

Lift your arm up

39
Q

What is horizontal abduction?

A

Moving your arm on a horizontal/parallel plane to the floor away from the midline

40
Q

How to flex your trunk?

A

Fold forward

41
Q

What are Langer lines? What is their purpose?

A

Topological lines, which are drawn on a map of the human body, pointing to the natural direction/orientation of collagen fibers in superficial fascia (underneath the skin)

Used by surgeons as cutting along the lines (parallels) helps with scarring

42
Q

What is another way of saying suponation/pronation?

A

Inversion and eversion

43
Q

What is thumb abduction?

A

Thumb moves to a perpendicular position to the plane of the hand

44
Q

What is thumb extension?

A

Thumb moves away from hand on the same plane

45
Q

What is thumb flexion?

A

Thumb touches the furthest part of the palm of the hand

46
Q

How can a stomach ulcer affect neighboring structures?

A

Since most stomach ulcers are on the posterior side, they can ulcerate through the stomach and affect the splenic artery to the point of rupturing it

47
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

Most inferior bone of the sternum

48
Q

What is another name for the jugular notch?

A

Super sternum

49
Q

What is the superficial fascia?

A

Thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath

50
Q

Describe the differences between the right and left vagus nerves.

A
  1. Left: vagus nerve branches into a recurrent laryngeal nerve at the superior edge of the thoracic cavity, coming off much more inferior to the aortic arch
  2. Right: vagus nerve branches into a recurrent laryngeal nerve superior to the aortic arch
51
Q

Where is the esophageal sphincter usually located? What is a common disease associated with a different positioning of it?

A

Located inferior to the diaphragm in normal conditions.

However, when the stomach moves up through the diaphragm (through diaphragm’s hiatal opening), we get the esophageal sphincter located now superior to the diaphragm = Hiatal Hernia and can give rise to serious digestive problems, such as GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

SMP - Principles of Gross Anatomy (10 decks)

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