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NeuroEndo Exam 2 > Lecture 8: Brain Development > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the CNS form during primary neurulation?

A

Future brain and lumbar spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the CNS

A

Ends of the neural plate fusing to form the neural tube

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3
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the brain?

A

Neural tube cranial to 4th somites

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4
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles ?

A
  • Prosencephalon: forebrain
  • Mesencephalon: midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
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5
Q

What primary brain vesicles divide in the 5th week?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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6
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Telencephalon: cerebral hemipsheres, anterior 3rd ventricle & lateral venticles
  • Diencephalon: thalami structures and 3rd ventricle
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7
Q

What are derivatives from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle
  • Myelencephalon: medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle
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9
Q

What does the midbrain flexure divide?

A

Midbrain and forebrain

Flexes forward

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10
Q

What does the cervical flexure divide?

A

Hindbrain and spinal cord

Flexes forward

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11
Q

What does the pontine flexure divide?

A

Divides hindbrain into rostral metencephalon and caudal myelecephalon (pons/cerebellum and medulla)

Extending

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12
Q

What are some structures formed in the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)?

A
  • Alar Plate - lateral
    • Nucleus Gracilus and Cuneatus
    • Sensory modalities
    • PCML Fibers
  • Basal Plate - medial
    • Motor modalities
  • Pyramids (white matter dealing with motor tracts)
    • Corticospinal Tract fibers
  • Olivary Nuclei
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13
Q

What gives rise to sensory neurons that remain contained within the CNS?

A

Alar plate

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14
Q

What is the embryological origin of motor neurons that leave the CNS to go out to skeletal muscle?

A

Basal plate

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15
Q

Between the Alar and basal plates, which are lateral and which are medial?

A

Basal plates (motor) - medial

Alar plates (sensory) - lateral

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16
Q

What is the olivary nuclei

A

Neuroblasts that migrate ventrally from the alar plates in the medulla

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17
Q

What gives rise to the cerebellum?

A

Dorsal parts of the alar plates

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18
Q

What is cerebellar swellings

A

Cerebellum projects into 4th ventricle and overlaps pons, medulla and rostral part of the 4th ventricle

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19
Q

What coveres the ependymal roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Pia Mater

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20
Q

What is tela choroidea?

A

Pia mater + ependymal roof

21
Q

What forms the choroid plexus

A

Proliferation and investing of the tela choroidea into the 4th ventricle

22
Q

How do the median and lateral apertures form?

A

The roof of the 4th ventricle evaginates, forming outpockets that rupture.

23
Q

What gives rise to the superior and inferior colliculi?

where are they found?

A

Neuroblasts from alar plate that migrate to the tectum

Midbrain

Colliculi deal with vision/hearing, which are sensory

24
Q

What gives rise to the tegmental nuclei?

What are some examples of tegmental nuclei?

A

Neuroblast of basal plate in the midbrain

  • Red Nuclei
  • Reticular Nuclei
  • CN III Nuclei
  • CN IV Nuclei
25
Q

What gives rise to substantia nigra?

Where is it located in the brain?

A

Basal or alar plate that migrate ventrally

Midbrain

26
Q

How and where is the cerbreal aqueduct formed

A

Midbrain

Narrowing of the neural canal

27
Q

How and where are the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri) formed?

A

Midbrain

Fibers growing from the cerebral cortex

28
Q

What structures does the diencephalon give rise to

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus & pineal gland

29
Q

Are diencephalon structures grey or white matter?

A

Grey Matter

30
Q

Where do mammilary bodies come from

A

Form on ventral surface of hypothalamus

31
Q

What major structure is the caudate nucleus located adjacent to?

A

Lateral ventricle

32
Q

What embryological layer gives rise to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal diverticulum (Rathke’s pouch) from roof of stomodeum (primitive mouth)

  • When it fuses with posterior pituitary gland, Rathke’s stalk degenerates
33
Q

What embryological layer gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophyseal diverticulum from floor of diencephalon

downgrowth of diencephalon (neuroectoderm)

34
Q

What is Infundibulum

A

Derived from neurohypophyseal diverticulum. It’s the stalk of the pituatry that allows it to stay connected to the brain

35
Q

How is the falx cerebri formed

A

Meschyme trapped in the longitudinal fissure of the telencephalon

36
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

SHH dysfunction that results in incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres during development that can result in facial anomalies

37
Q

Patient presents with epilepsy, headache, abnormal movements. Upon examination, he has a reduced frontonasal prominence and a cleft lip as well as some developmental delay. What disorder does he most likely have?

A

Holoprosencephaly

38
Q

What are cerebral commissures

examples

A

Groups of nerve fibers interconnecting the cerebral hemispheres

  1. Lamina ternminalis
  2. Anterior Commissure
  3. Hippocampal comissure
  4. Corpus Callosum
39
Q

Lamina Terminalis

A

Largest cerebral commissure. Others form within it. Extends from roof of diencephalon to optic chiasm.

40
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

Interconnects the two parietal lobes

41
Q

Hippocampal commissure

A

Interconnects the hippocampi within each hemishere

42
Q

What can happen if there is agenesis of corpus callosum?

A

Seizures and mental deficiency

43
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

From top to bottom:

  • Marginal Zone
  • Intermediate Zone
  • Subventricular Zone
  • Ventricular Zone
44
Q

Where are the older and newer neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Older Neurons: Deeper (Layer VI)
  • Newer Neurons: Superificial (Layer I)
45
Q

Incomplete neuronal migration during 3-4 months can result in what brain disorder and what are the consequences

A

Lissencephaly (smooth brain).

Seizures, profound mental deficiency & mild spatic quadriplegia

46
Q

Types of Lissencephaly

A

Pachygria (broad, thick gyri)

Agyria (lack of gyri)

Neuronal heterotopia (cells in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain)

47
Q

What is Lissencephaly characterized by?

A

Ventriculomegaly (englarged ventricles)

malformation of corpus callosum

48
Q

Microcephaly

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder where calvaria and brain are small, but face is normal sized

49
Q

What can cause microcephaly?

A
  • Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Infectious Agents’
    • Cytomegalovirus
    • Rubella
    • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Maternal Alcohol Abuse

NeuroEndo Exam 2 (13 decks)

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