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NeuroEndo Exam 2 > Lecture 1: Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are included in the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus (controls motor movements)
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2
Q

All sensory information (except olfactory) is relayed through what structure?

A

Thalamus

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3
Q

What structure does the thalamus relay almost all information to?

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Where is the basal nuclei found?

A

Deep to cerebral cortex (grey matter)

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5
Q

What makes up the basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate
  • Lenticular Nucleus
    • Putamen
    • Globus Pallidus
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6
Q

What separates the lenticular nuclei from the thalamus and caudate?

A

Internal Capsule

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7
Q

What is the basal nuclei important for?

A

Motor movements

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8
Q

What do arcuate fibers do?

A

White matter structures that connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

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9
Q

What are longitudinal/association fasciculi?

A

White matter structures that connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

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10
Q

What do projection tracts do?

A

White matter structures that connect cortical areas within other body regions

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11
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

White matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheress

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12
Q

What does the anterior commissure do?

Where is it found?

A

White matter structures that connect both temporal lobes, especially the inferior parts

Inferior to the corpus callosum

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13
Q

What are the five groups that make up the internal capsule?

A
  • Anterior Limb
  • Genu
  • Posterior Limb
  • Sublenticular Limb
  • Retrolenticular Limb
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14
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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15
Q

Damage to what structure will cause abnormalities in equilibrium, posture, coordination of voluntary movements?

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

What are the ridges of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

17
Q

How do posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?

How do anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord?

A

Posterolateral Sulcus

Anterolateral Sulcus

18
Q

Where in the body will grey matter be external and white matter deep?

A

Brain

19
Q

Where in the body will grey matter be deep and white matter external?

A

Spinal Cord

20
Q

What is substantia gelatinosa?

A

Gray matter that caps the posterior horn

21
Q

What does Lissauer’s tract transmit?

A

Posterior rootlets to the posterior horn

White Matter between substantia gelatinos and surface of Spinal Cord

22
Q

What spinal levels is Clark’s nucleus specific to?

A

Medial surface of the base of the posterior horn in T1-L2

23
Q

What is the action of Clark’s nucleus?

A

Sensory Processing

Cerebelllar Feedback

24
Q

What spinal cord structure contains the cell bodies of lower motor neurons?

A

Anterior Horn

Control body movements (voluntary and involuntary)

25
Q

What spinal cord structure contains autonomic neurons?

A

Intermediate Gray Matter

26
Q

What is the lateral horn composed of?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L3) from Intermediolateral cell column

27
Q

Primary afferent and lower motor neurons convey information to/from which nervous system?

A

CNS

28
Q

Where do lower motor neurons convey information?

A

CNS to skeletal muscle

29
Q

What do second order neurons do?

A

Relay sginal from primary afferents to CNS target

Can be ipsilateral or contralateral

30
Q

What do third order neurons do?

A

Relay sginal from CNS receiver to cortical target

31
Q

What are examples of ascending tracts?

What do they do?

A

Name gives big hint!

  • Posterior Columns: Ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile, and vibratory information (body only)
  • Spinocerebellar Tract: Motor information
  • Anterolateral System: Pain, temperature, and nondiscriminative touch (body only)
32
Q

What are examples of descending tracts?

What do they do?

A

Name gives big hint!

  • Corticospinal Tract: Volunatry movement
  • Vestibulospinal: Neck movement
  • Rubrospinal: Excite flexor motor neurons and inhibit extensor neurons

NeuroEndo Exam 2 (13 decks)

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