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NeuroEndo Exam 2 > Lecture 19: Voluntary Motion and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Voluntary Motion and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What cortical areas are associated with voluntary motion?

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Supplementary Motor Cortex
  • Pre-Motor Cortex
  • Parts of Pre-frontal Cortex
  • Parietal cortex

Redundant Roles

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2
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A
  • Receives sensory information required to move
  • Determines the appropriate motion (whether it’s okay to move)
  • Identifies intent of the motion and the motion required to meet goal. (dorsal part)

Identifies goal and motion required to meet goal

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3
Q

What does the supplementary motor area of the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

Postural control

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4
Q

What is the pre-supplementary area of the supplementary motor cortex involved in?

A

Plans sequence of how motion will occur

“what needs to happen in what order to achieve the goal”

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5
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex do?

A
  • Postural Control
  • Identifies sequence of how motion will occur
  • Changes tactics if necessary
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6
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • Controls specific movements of the body to reach goal
  • Codes the individual motions required to reach the goal
    • Fine motions have high representation
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7
Q

What does layer 4 of the primary cortex do?

A

Receives sensory input from muscles and joint proprioceptors

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8
Q

What does layer 5 of the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • Output for corticopsinal tracts: axons will travel down spinal cord (UMN)
  • If axons synpase with alpha motor neuorns, they are known as pre-motor neurons
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9
Q

What sets of neurons are found in each column of the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. Start motion
  2. Maintain motion as long as necessary
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10
Q

How are columns organized in the primary motor cortex?

A

Neighboring columns have similar motions

  • Also agonist/antagonist columns are nearby each other
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11
Q

What is the visual pathway required for both reaching and grasping?

What does it do exactly

A

Dorsal visual pathway: axons from occipital cortex –> parietal/frontal cortex

Enables us to complete motor acts based on visual input.

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12
Q

How does the brain receive visual information required for reaching?

A

Visual information is relayed to specific areas of the parietal cortex:

  • V6A
  • PEc
  • MIP
  • VIP
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13
Q

What does the ventral intraparietal (VIP) area do?

What action is it involved in?

A

Creates a rough map of space around you and desired object

Reaching

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14
Q

Where does the VIP area send its information to?

A

F4 areas within in pre-motor cortex

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15
Q

What does F4 do?

How does it do it?

A

Create a detail map about the space around self.

Neurons in F4 are excited by proximity: the closer the object is, the more they fire

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16
Q

Where does the super parietal cortex send information to?

What information is it sending?

A

F2 area of the pre-motor cotex

Visual information about where your arm is in space

17
Q

What does the F2 area do?

A

Creates a map about the location of arm in relationship with body and objects around self

18
Q

Compare F2 and F4

A

Both located in the premotor cortex

F4 - Where object is to create map

F2 - Where I am to create map

19
Q

What actions are the anterior intraparietal area and PFG of the parietal cortex responsive to?

A

Seeing an object to grasp (visually dominant neurons)

Grasping an object (motor dominant neurons)

Both seeing and grasping an object (visuomotor neurons)

20
Q

Where does PFG/Anterior intraparietal area relay their information to?

A

F5 of the pre-motor cortex

21
Q

What does the F5 area do?

A

Respond to goal of the action

(Intended goal: to drink the tea, how it is held is not important)

22
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Sequece complex actions

correct force/direction

balance & ete movements

learning of complex actions

(In our example, even though the cerebal cortex plans the motion, we still need other parts of the brain to be able to grab the piece of candy because you will probably crush it and miss your mouth)

23
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Vermis (inside): Postural Control “I’m going to reach for candy to I must lean forward”
  • Paravermis (outside): Force and direction
    • Correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions
24
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Works with cortex to plan complex motions and sequencing them

25
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Future balance/eye movements

26
Q

What structures transmit the output from the cerebellum?

A

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Globose
  • Fastigial
27
Q

What are the inputs and outputs to the vermis of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle), vestibular, visual & auditory
  • Output: Interpositus Nucleui, Fastigial Nuclei to rubrospinal tract (information to spinal cord)

Postural adjustments to ongoing motions

28
Q

What are the inputs and outputs to the paravermis of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle) and muscle afferent
  • Output: Interpositus Nuclei to spinal cord

Correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions

29
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Cerebral cortex relating to motion
  • Output: Dentate nucleus back to cortex “planning committee”
30
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the vestibuloocerebellum?

A
  • Input: Vestibular Apparatus
  • Output: Fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei
31
Q

What does the basal ganglia control?

A

Control beginning and end of the movement

32
Q

To produce motion, we must ____ the direct pathway and ____ the indirect pathway

A

Activate

Inactivate

33
Q

What is the Direct Pathway of voluntary motion

A

The Striatonigal GABA-ergic pathway

  1. Axons from the striatum project to the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (SNPR) & Internal Segent of Globus Pallidus (GPi).
  2. Those axons release GABA in the SNPR & GPi, inhibiting their neurons.
  3. SNPR/GPi neurons have decrease APs so they release less GABA at the Thalamic N.
  4. Decreased inhibition of thalamic neuron leads to increase EAA release in cortex ALLOWING MOTION TO OCCUR
34
Q

What is the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Axons from the striatum project to the external segment of the Globus Pallidus (GPe) and release GABA, decreasing the GPe APs
  2. Decreased APs of GPe nucleus decreases inhibition on Subthalamic neurons.
  3. Decreased inhibition of subthalamic nucleus allows axons from the subthalamic nucleus to travel to the SNPR and GPi and release EAA
  4. Axons from the SNPR and GPi travel to the thalamus and release GABA
  5. GABA inhibits thalamic nuclei from releasing EAA so MOTION IS INHIBITED
35
Q

What is dopamines effect on the direct and indirect pathway

A

Increases direct pathway = allows motion

Decreases the indirect pathway = allows motion

36
Q

How does dopamine effect the direct pathway to initiate movement?

A
  • Step 1: D1 receptors on striatum excited, releasing GABA
  • Step 2: GPi and SNPR is inhibited, reducing GABA release
  • Step 3: Thalamic Nuclei is no longer inhibited, increasing thalamic activity and releasing EAA
  • Step 4: EAA excites motor cortex –> MOTION
37
Q

How does dopamine affect the indirect pathway to cause movement?

A
  • D2 receptors in striatium is inhibited, reducing GABA released
  • Globus Pallidus Externus is no longer inhibited, releasing GABA
  • Subthalamic nuclei is inactivated, reducing EAA released in SNPR & GPi
  • SNPR & GPi are inhibited, releasing less GABA in Thalamic N.
  • Thalamic N. is activated, releasing EAA to cortex

INITIATES MOVEMENT

38
Q

To make motion occur, what is the brain’s action on muscle spindles in the antagonist muscle?

A

Inhibits alpha-motor neurons and gamma-motor neurons

NeuroEndo Exam 2 (13 decks)

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