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Forensics > Lecture 8: Assessment and treatment of sexual offenders > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Assessment and treatment of sexual offenders Flashcards

1
Q

Types of sexual offending

A
  • Exhibitionism = exposing yourself
  • Frottage = rubbing against someone without consenting
  • Voyeurism = secretly watching someone in sexual way
  • Rape
  • Child sexual abuse
  • Sexual homicide = murder with sexual elements
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2
Q

Sub-types of rape

A

Broken down by motivation that drives offence:

  • Angry
  • Opportunistic
  • Sexual (sadistic and non-sadistic)

Can be broken down into victim is:

  • Stranger
  • Acquittance
  • Marital
  • Gang rape/multiple perpetrator rape
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3
Q

Sub-types of child sexual abuse

A

Often broken down by relation of abuser to victim:

  • Extrafamilial
  • Intrafamilial

Can be broken down into:

  • Approach (planned)
  • Opportunistic = normally offending for emotional or antisocial reason
  • Internet
  • Females
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4
Q

Motivation-facilitation model

A
  • Seto (2017)
  • Starts with kind of motivation e.g. paraphiliac or high sex drive
  • Motivates them to be prone to offending but doesn’t mean they will
  • What decide whether the offend:
  • -> State factors e.g. alcohol, negative emotion
  • -> Trait factors e.g. antisocial
  • -> Situational factors
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5
Q

Reoffending/recidivism

A
  • Higher reoffending with extrafamilial because not confined to one victim
  • Higher with boy victims because indicates sexual interest higher as not driven by non-sex related variable
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6
Q

Risk assessment

A

-Split into low, medium, high, very high risk

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7
Q

Static risk factors

A

Static factors:

  • Largely historical factors
  • Non-changeable aspects of individual
  • Young when first offend
  • Suggested that its what these factors indicate that show the risk
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8
Q

STATIC-99

A
  • Hanson and Thornton (1999)
  • Most used risk assessment for static factors
  • Never married
  • Young age (cut of 25)
  • Prior sexual offence
  • Non-contact sexual offences
  • Stranger, unrelated, male victims
  • As years increase risk levels increase, however unsure what actual things need treating = where dynamic factors come in
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9
Q

Dynamic risk factors

A
  • Factors that can change/fluctuate
  • E.g. employment instability, sexual preoccupation
  • What is addressed in treatment
  • Tend to be broken down into:
  • -> Stable = enduring (but changeable) characteristics linked to the offending behaviour e.g. beliefs
  • -> Acute = rapidly changing characteristics affected by situation. Indicate re-offence may occur within short period of time e.g. arousal due to alcohol
  • Some factors can be stable and acute
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10
Q

Dynamic risk domains

A
  • Mann, Hanson and Thornton (2010) characterised risk factors into most important
  • Sexual deviance e.g. sexual interest in children
  • Distorted attitudes e.g. hostility towards women
  • Socio-affective issues e.g. lack of intimate adult relationships
  • Self-management issues e.g. self-management issues
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11
Q

Dynamic risk assessment

A
  • STABLE-2007 and ACUTE-2007 (Hanson et al, 2007)
  • Most powerful acute factors:
  • -> Hostility
  • -> Sexual preoccupation
  • -> Victim access
  • -> Rejection of supervision = marker for being anti-social
  • When assessment includes 1+ these tools judges have greater confidence in assessment
  • According to DSM-5 if enduring, persistent and necessary for sexual enjoyment can be regarded as paraphilia - if causes sig distress/impaired function can be considered paraphilic disorder
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12
Q

Paraphilias

A
  • Transvestism
  • Frotteurism = paraphilic interest in rubbing
  • Fetishes
  • Paedophilia
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13
Q

Paraphilias: sexual arousal

A
  • Psychological, physiological, behaviour responses to internal or external target of sexual interest
  • Subjective sexual arousal = cognitive realising = assess through self report
  • Objective sexual arousal = physiological = can measure phallometric assessment
  • Act upon sexual arousal = behavioural = can assess using case file info
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14
Q

Self-report assessment for paraphilia

A
  • Directly ask individual how much they are interested in various sexual categories
  • Mostly use questionnaire
  • Example = multiphase sex inventory:
  • -> 300 yes/no times
  • -> 20 scales related to sexual interest
  • -> Good test-retest reliability and internal consistency

Benefits:

  • -> Rich detail
  • -> Easy to administer and analyse

Criticisms:

  • -> Assumes info consciously accessible
  • -> Sensitive topic = prone to social desirability responding
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15
Q

Phallometric assessment of paraphilia

A
  • PPG
  • Measure volumetric changes of penis in response to sexual stimuli
  • Stimuli can be visual, auditory or fantasy

Benefits:

  • -> Objective
  • -> Research shown best measure for distinguishing child abusers from non-sex offenders and rapists

Criticisms:

  • -> Invasive
  • -> In some countries seen as unethical
  • -> Assumes erection equates to sexual arousal = not the case, especially in older men
  • -> Prone to faking and suppression
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16
Q

Indirect measures of paraphilia

A
  • RT based computer tasks

- Based on idea that pressurised automatic response evokes genuine indications one interest

17
Q

Types of indirect measures of paraphilia

A

Task relevant

  • Viewing time
  • IAT
  • Go/No-Go Association task

Task irrelevant

  • Emotional stroop
  • Choice reaction time
  • Rapid serial visual processing
18
Q

Types of indirect measures of paraphilia: Viewing time

A
  • Task relevant
  • Oldest
  • Records how long image viewed whilst being rates on sexual attractiveness scale
  • Meta analysis:
  • -> VT showed a moderate ability to discriminate child abusers from comparison group
19
Q

Types of indirect measures of paraphilia: IAT

A
  • Task relevant
  • Assesses the strength of association between target categories and attribute categories
  • If someone has interest to children they should be responding faster to children with sex words
  • Meta-analysis:
  • -> Child sex IAT can distinguish child abusers from comparison groups
  • -> Correlates with other measures of sexual interest e.g. PPG

Problems:

  • Only involves 2 target and 2 attribute categories so can only assess some relative association
  • Not clear what the association is
20
Q

Types of indirect measures of paraphilia: Go/No-Go Association Task

A
  • Variant of IAT = addresses some issues of IAT
  • Involves ppts responding to target stimuli and withholding responses to non-target stimuli
  • Can measure associations towards single target
  • Can measure absolute associations
21
Q

Promising development in measuring paraphilia

A
  • Eye tracking
  • Pupil dilation = pupils of non-offending men dilate to images of women but not to men, children, neutral scenes
  • Mouse tracking = can detect real-time biases for sexually preferred stimuli in non-offending males
  • Virtual reality = can have situations with children more ethically
22
Q

Evaluation of indirect measures of paraphilia

A

Strengths:

  • Responses based on uncontrollable, automatic processes
  • Less prone to faking
  • Possible to access consciously inaccessible preferences

Limitations:
-Rich and detailed info not obtained

23
Q

RNR principles

A
  • Risk = match treatment intensity with risk level
  • Need = target relevant criminogenic risk factors
  • Responsivity = tailor treatment to ensure maximum benefit
24
Q

Sex offender treatment

A
  • Based on behavioural strategies including cognitive, social learning, modelling and skill building
  • Goals of treatment:
  • -> Address dynamic risk factors
  • -> Understand progression to the offence
  • -> Develop self-management plan
  • -> Typically delivered as group therapy
25
Q

Treatment of dynamic factors

A
  • Deviant interest = aversive reconditioning and fantasy management = works out what’s triggering it
  • Distorted attitudes and cognition = cognitive restructuring and schema therapy
  • Intimacy/relationships = CBT, role-playing
  • Anger and hostility = anger management therapy and CBT
  • Self-regulation issues = identifying new coping strategies, mindfulness
26
Q

Behavioural progression

A
  • Series of events and situations, combined with cognitive and emotional states that lead to sexual offending
  • = offence chain
  • Can help device a case formulation = taking all different piece of information to understand how things led to other things in the offence
  • Case formulation aims to describe a person’s presenting problems and use theory to make explanatory inferences about the causes and maintaining factors (which informs treatment)
27
Q

Self-regulation plan

A
  • Once they have gone through treatment and identifies what risk factors are
  • Establish goals promoting offence-free life
  • Develop coping strategies for internal and external risk factors
  • Ensure cognitive and emotional aspects are present
  • Include support network
  • Be concrete but generalisable
28
Q

Self-regulation model

A
  • Ward and Hudson (1998)
  • Everyone is goal driven and trying to regulate how they approach/attain goals
  • Life experiences effects what we dont want to do
  • In case of offending = might have motivation e.g. interest in children but dont want to offence so avoid triggering situations = have an avoidance goal
  • But might regulate is passively = under-regulation or disinhibition pathway = lack internal skills
  • May regulate is activity = mis-regulation pathway, uses bad strategies e.g. fantasy
  • Others will have same motivation with the desire to offend
  • -> May meet goal automatically = might circumstances, have scripts
  • -> OR may meet goal explicitly = planning
  • Once identify style can create better treatment plan
29
Q

Good lives model

A
  • Ward and Stewart (2003)
  • Strengths based approach to treatment and highly influential

Theoretical assumptions:

  • All humans are goal directed organisms that seek primary good
  • Primary goods = actions, experiences and activities that are intrinsically beneficial e.g. life, knowledge
  • Secondary goods = way people go about acquiring primary goods
30
Q

The good lives model and sexual offending

A
  • Sexual offending occurs when individuals try to obtain these goods but in antisocial way because lack internal/external resources to achieve primary goods
  • Dynamic risk factors are internal obstacles that affect the prosocial acquisition of primary goods

4 problems in acquiring goods:

  • Means used to secure goods = such as seeking ‘relatedness’ via child sexual abuse
  • Lack of scope = focussing only on a few goods
  • Presence of conflict among goods sought = relatedness via sex offending conflicts with inner peace
  • Lack of capacity to secure goods = lacking social skills to establish and maintain a relationship
31
Q

Does sex offender treatment work?

A
  • Found it does work
  • Treated = 9.7% risk of reoffending
  • Untreated = 14.6% risk of reoffending
32
Q

Self Regulation Model

A

-Ward and Hudson (1998)
-model proposes people behave in a way that is goal-directed = act to achieve a desired state or to avoid an undesired state
4 paths:
- Avoidant-passive pathway = individual has desire to commit sex crime = they try not to offend but are under regulated or disinhibited = can’t cease behavioural pattern that has developed
- avoidant-active pathway = have a goal of avoiding committing sex crime = will enagge in actions such as substance abuse in order to not commit a crime, but often leads to a sex crime as a result
- approach automatic pathway = goal of committing sex crime = cognitive and behavioural patterns well established –> sex crime
- approach-explicit pathway = individual has childhood history that led to sex crimes = engage in detailed grooming behaviours

Forensics (11 decks)

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