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Forensics > Lecture 11: Child maltreatment and its impact on victims > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Child maltreatment and its impact on victims Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of child abuse

A
  • NSPCC 2019
  • When a child is intentionally harmed = can be physical, emotion, sexual, online or in person. Can also by a lack of love and attention and practice care
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2
Q

Types of abuse

A
  • Physical abuse
  • Sexual
  • Psychological/emotional
  • Neglect-emotional, failure to protect
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3
Q

FGM (female genital mutilation)

A
  • Around 200 million world-wide effects
  • Culturally sensitive
  • Illegal in UK since 1985
  • FGM prevention orders to prevent girls being taken out of country
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4
Q

Online abuse

A
  • 44% children aged 5-15 have own smart phone

- 90% 11-16 year olds have social media account

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5
Q

Tech facilitated grooming

A
  • When someone builds a relationship of trust and emotional connection with child or young person so that they can manipulate and exploit them
  • Young person can be trafficked, sexually assaulted or exploited
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6
Q

Child sexual exploitation (CSE)

A
  • Involves young person receiving something in return for sexual exchange
  • Can involved coercion and threats
  • Can give them phones to gain access
  • Care home kids more vulnerable
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7
Q

Rotherham CSE scandal

A
  • 1990s and lasted over a decade
  • Organised by gangs
  • First convictions 2010
  • Services failed to act on warning signs
  • Minimisation of girls stories
  • Most exploitation done by single perpetrator not gang
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8
Q

UK statistics

A
  • Taken from children services, police data on offences, criminal courts and local registers of death due to abuse
  • Study looking at adults retrospective experience of child abuse
  • Women = abuse more common, except physical abuse
  • More men physically abused
  • Psychological abuse most common
  • Report tends to increase with age of respondents = questions validity
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9
Q

Risk factors for abuse

A
  • Parental factors e.g. poverty, drug abuse, mental health issues
  • Environmental factors e.g. overcrowding and non-biological adult in house
  • Child factors e.g. age (fatal cases in children under 4), lack of attachment
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10
Q

Theories of abuse

A

Ecological model:
-Occurs within the wider system

Transitional model:
-Parental views about self and confidence

Transactional model:
-Emphasises interaction of causative factors in bringing about maltreatment and importance of high and low risk characteristics

Ecological transactional model:
-Provides integrated framework that aims to support intervention and social policy

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11
Q

Serious case reviews

A
  • Focussed on number of high profile child deaths
  • Studied 95 serious case reviews between 2009-2016
  • Found domestic abuse more common factor in 71% of cases
  • 48% of cases alleged domestic abuser was not suspect in child death
  • Therefore domestic abuse may mask other risks in family
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12
Q

Neglect

A
  • Most common form of abuse
  • On going failure to meet Childs basic needs
  • 1 out of 10 children suffer neglect
  • Under researched = can see impact of neglect but cant see it occur
  • Meta analysis of association between depression and childhood abuse/neglect = found psychological abuse and neglect strongly associated with depression and emotional abuse was most sig predictor, followed by neglect
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13
Q

Effects of abuse on children

A

Impacts upon:

  • Physical health
  • Education
  • Relationship
  • Mental wellbeing
  • Has potential to impact across generations
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14
Q

Effects of abuse in childhood on adulthood

A

Meta analysis in literature review:
-Found effects were mental health issues, substance abuse, somatisation (physical complaint rather than psychological), suicidal ideation, risk of inter-generational cycle of abuse, increase risk of victimisation

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15
Q

ACE (adverse childhood experiences) pyramid

A
  • Scale developed to understand what is going on in child and adult abuse
  • Abuse leads to increased emotional and cognitive impairment, adoption of health risk behaviours, increased risk of disability and disease, early death

Systematic review and meta-analysis:

  • Having multiple ACE’s = more at risk of range of health problems
  • Those factors strongly associated with potential for inter-generational transmission
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16
Q

Toxic trio

A

If parent has these conditions:

  • Domestic abuse
  • Mental ill health
  • Substance misuse
  • If they have one of these child’s health is at risk
17
Q

Neurological impacts of child abuse

A
  • In first year child must receive adequate stimulation to ensure nerve cells in brain develop fully
  • Effects of abuse on child can begin before mother gives birth
18
Q

Corrosive cortisol

A
  • Childhood trauma effect how brain organises itself and processes experiences
  • Cortisol prepares for stress and is involved in pruning of neurones during brain development in foetal and infancy period = brain shaped by this
  • However, toxic stress leads to brain circuits developing which either over or under react to stress
  • Adaptive response has implications for HPA axis
19
Q

Romanian orphans

A
  • Showed mild neurocognitive impairment, impulsivity and attention deficit
  • Meta-analysis = 339 Romanian orphans = found 18% secure, 28% insecure, 54% disorganised = looked at moderating variables of how they formed disorganised styles
  • Most likely to have disorganised attachment if they had Eastern European origin, age of institutionalisation matters (before 1st birthday), age of assessment (under 3 years) and type of assessment
  • Conclusion = 1 year sensitive period
20
Q

Child maltreatment and attachment

A
  • Looked at association between child maltreatment and insecure attachment
  • Used strange situation = found maltreatment infants sig more likely to have insecure attachment
  • Abuse associated with disorganised attachment
21
Q

Disorganised attachment

A
  • Associated with fear
  • Either parent is scary or parent is frightened = becomes dysregulated for infants
  • Child has no effective way out of it = as a result there’s a release of emotions
  • Traumatisation of attachment system
  • Usually exert control over parent to get out of attachment
22
Q

Automatic reaction to trauma

A
  • One response is fight or flight system
  • Another response is the vagal parasympathetic control:
  • ->Parasympathetic system, involving the freeze response
  • ->Person makes dissociation and black out
  • ->Common in prolonged abuse
  • -> Related to vagus nerve = switching on when we are extremely frightened
23
Q

What helps traumatised individuals

A
  • Safety
  • Therapeutic parenting
  • Children need high structure and nurture
  • Parents should account for their developmental deficits
  • Therapies e.g. play therapy
24
Q

Pyramid of needs

A

(Bottom to top)

  • Feeling safe and developing relationships
  • Empathy, thinking of self and others
  • Resiliency and resolution
25
Q

Rutter et al (2011)

A
  • 165 Romanian orphans
  • Tested at 4, 6, 11, 15
  • Control group = 52 British orphans
  • When tested at 11 = correlation between rate of recovery and age of adoption
  • Earlier adopted = higher IQ
  • Same shown at 16
26
Q

Therapeutic interventions for children

A
  • Dyadic developmental psychotherapy = popular therapy but scientific studies lacking
  • Interventions aimed at foster carers to support environment
  • Art and play therapies used to process non-verbal trauma before speaking age
27
Q

Therapeutic interventions for adults

A
  • Safety most important factor
  • CBT used to focus upon engagement safety and stabilisation
  • Psychoeducation = use reducing hyperarousal with breathing and relaxation = teach self-soothing strategies

Forensics (11 decks)

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