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Histology Exam 1 > Lecture 8-9: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 8-9: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

major categories of CT

A

embryonic
adult
special

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2
Q

embryonic CT

A

wharton’s jelly
found in umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth
mostly matrix

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3
Q

adult CT

A

reticular
elastic
dense
loose

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4
Q

reticular CT

A

reticular fibers
like dense irregular CT but with reticular fibers
lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

elastic CT

A

elastic fibers
like dense irregular but with elastic fibers
walls of blood vessels

elastic fibers produced by smooth muscle not fibroblasts

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6
Q

dense CT

A

can be regular or irregular

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7
Q

white fibrous CT

A

dense regular CT
thick orderly bundles of collagen separated by rows of cells
elongated nuclei
tendons and ligaments

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8
Q

white fibrous CT organization

A

highly order bundles of collagen

bur can be wavy too — just all wavy at same time

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9
Q

dense irregular CT

A

thick bundles of collagen with no specific orientation

fascia, submucosa of GI tract, dermis

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10
Q

loose CT

A 
areolar CT
loose and random design 
cells>fibers
Type I collagen and elastic fibers
found beneath epithelial tissues, tunica adventitia
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11
Q

special CT

A

adipose
cartilage
bone
hematopoietic

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12
Q

adipose CT

A

giant white empty cells
150 micrometers in diameter
2 types: white or brown

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13
Q

white fat

A

found everywhere
unilocular
nucleus off to side of cell

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14
Q

why do most adipocytes appear to have no nucleus?

A

the cells is so large that the nucleus is often missed when slicing a specimen

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15
Q

single chambered cell

A

unilocular

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16
Q

divided into many small chambers or vesicles

A

multilocular

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17
Q

what does uni/multilocular refer to?

A

in white fat - single lipid droplet

brown - multiple lipid droplets

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18
Q

brown fat

A

found in only 2 places
multilocular
more cytoplasm than white

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19
Q

where is brown fat found?

A

between shldr blades of babies

hibernating animals

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20
Q

what gives brown fat it’s color?

A

abundant in mitochondria

capable of giving off energy as heat to keep the organism warm

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21
Q

CT matrix composition

A

scattered cells
protein fibers
ground substance

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22
Q

most common cell in CT matrix

A

fibrocytes and blasts

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23
Q

most common protein fiber in CT matrix

A

collagen

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24
Q

most common ground substance

A

GAGs and glycoproteins

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25
Q

collagen type I

A

general CT and bone

tensile strength

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26
Q

collagen type II

A

hyaline and elastic cartilage

tensile strength

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27
Q

collagen type III

A

parenchyma of organs, blood vessel walls

reticular framework but not long fibers

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28
Q

collagen type IV

A

basement membrane

meshwork and scaffolding

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29
Q

type I collagen fiber synthesis

A 
synthesized as pre-propeptide
secreted from fibroblast
now = propeptide
peptidase cleaves
now = tropopeptide monomer
monomers assembled
now = collagen fibers
several fibers = collagen
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30
Q

characteristic banding pattern of collagen

A

64nm banded pattern

monomers are in parallel staggered arrays, gaps between monomers = banding

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31
Q

what occurs before a pre-propeptide is secreted?

A

after translocation to the ER, the signal sequence is cleaved because it is no longer needed

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32
Q

what is peptidase responsible for in collagen synthesis

A

procollagen (propeptide) has non-helical terminal ends that prevent polymerization and must be cleaved before monomers can be assembled into a polymer

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33
Q

elastic fiber synthesis

A 
synthesized as pre-propeptide
secreted ----> propeptide
extracellular enzymes convert
now = tropoelastin monomer
monomers assemble with aid
=elastic fiber
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34
Q

extracellular enzymes in elastic fiber synthesis

A

secreted by fibroblasts

enzymes convert propeptides into tropoelastin monomers

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35
Q

what aids tropoelastin monomer assembly?

A

several types of fibrillins aid monomer assembly into sheets/fibers

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36
Q

fibrillin 1

A

provides force-bearing structural support

e fiber synthesis

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37
Q

fibrillin 2

A

regulates assembly of elastic fiber

38
Q

what is the difference between tropocollagen and tropoelastin monomer assembly?

A

tropocollagen is spontaneous assembly

tropoelastin requires fibrillin helpers

39
Q

GAGs

A

glycos–amino–glycans

40
Q

characteristics of GAGs

A

large
negative charged
linear polymers
amorphous substance of CT

41
Q

4 categories of GAGs

A

hyaluronic acid
heparin
chondroitin sulfate
keratan sulfate

42
Q

only non-sulfate GAG

A

hyaluronic acid

43
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

largest of GAGs
general CT
binds readily with water

44
Q

hyaluronic acid binds readily with water……

A

allowing it to be a lubricant in synovial fluid

45
Q

examples of hyaluronic acid locations

A

body of eye
synovial fluid
wharton’s jelly

46
Q

heparan sulfate locations

A

BM, skin, liver, lung, BVs, mast cell granules

47
Q

largest GAG

A

hyaluronic acid

48
Q

dermatan sulfate locations

A

also called chondroitin sulfate

cartilage, bones, skin, BVs, heart valves, cornea

49
Q

most abundant GAG? most abundant sulfated GAG?

A

hyaluronic acid

dermatan sulfate

50
Q

keratan sulfate

A

2 types
type I — only found in cornea

type II — cartilage and nucleus pulp of spinal discs

51
Q

GAG covalently linked to a protein

A

proteoglycan

52
Q

all GAGs exist in proteoglycans except?

A

hyaluronic acid

53
Q

proteoglycan aggregate description

A

long hyaluronic acid chain

core proteins perpendicular to it

cores attached to acid via linker protein

GAGs attached perpendicular to core proteins

54
Q

proteoglycans are found perpendicular to …..

A

attached perpendicular to hyaluronic acid via linker protein

55
Q

proteoglycans are stained with…..

A

conventional dyes because of sulfate groups

56
Q

proteoglycans are polyanions…..

A

have multiple negative charges
attract water
hate each other

57
Q

examples of glycoproteins

A

fibronectin
Chondronectin
laminin

58
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with one or more heterosaccharide chains that contain a sugar
PAS+

59
Q

fibronectin

A

major surface protein of fibroblasts

link cells, collagen and GAGs

60
Q

chondronectin

A

derived from cartilage

adhesion between chondrocytes and collagen

61
Q

laminin

A

found in basal laminae

attachment of epithelial cells to lamina propria

62
Q

Noncollagenous glycoprotein

A

laminin

63
Q

fibroblast/cyte shape

A

spindle shaped with central nucleus

64
Q

resident cells in CT

A

fibroblasts/cytes
macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells

65
Q

cells in CT that migrate from blood

A

macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells

66
Q

macrophage shape

A

10-30 micrometers
oval-indented nucleus
irregular shape w/ blunt processes

67
Q

macrophage mvt

A

amoeboid mvt

68
Q

macrophage shape by type

A

wandering = oval shape

fixed = irregular

69
Q

origination of macrophages

A

in bone marrow as monocytes

70
Q

function of macrophages

A

part of the phagocytic system of helper cells

71
Q

macrophages can fuse with…..

A

other macrophages to create large multinucleated phagocytic foreign body giant cells

72
Q

macrophage locations

A 
wandering in blood
CT
sinusoids of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, marrow
alveoli of lungs
CNS
bone
73
Q

macrophage in blood

A

wandering monocyte

74
Q

macrophage in CT

A

histiocyte

75
Q

macrophage in live sinusoid

A

Kupffer cells

76
Q

macrophage in sinusoids of spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

A

perialveolar macrophages

77
Q

macrophage in alveoli of lungs

A

dust cells

78
Q

macrophage in CNA

A

microglia

79
Q

macrophages in bone

A

involved in bone reabsorption

osteoclasts

80
Q

mast cell characteristics

A

irregular oval shape
small oval nucleus
stained with toluidine blue
contain membrane bound granules

81
Q

when viewing mast cells…..

A

often unable to see the small nucleus due to membrane bound granules

82
Q

mast cell granules contain

A

histamine
ECF-A
SRS-A
heparin

83
Q

ECF-A

A

attracts eosinophils and neutrophils

recruiter factor

84
Q

SRS-A

A

like histamine but with sustained effects

85
Q

heparin

A

poor anticoagulant

probably involved in helping clear plasma lipids

86
Q

functions of mast cells

A

involved in hypersensitive responses to allergens

membranes release leukotrienes

87
Q

locations of mast cells

A

near small blood vessels
but absent from spleen
mucosal surfaces
CT

88
Q

plasma cell characteristics

A

activated B lymphocytes
larger than lymphocytes
large pale nuclei with clock face

89
Q

locations of plasma cells

A

rare in CT
serous membranes
lymphoid tissues
lamina propria of GI tract

90
Q

explain the clock face plasma cells

A

refers to how the nucleus stains
heterochromatin near edges
euchromatin in center giving the pale center and dark edges

91
Q

lymphocyte characteristics

A

6-8 micrometers
large heterochromatin nucleus
thin rim of cytoplasm

92
Q

lymphocytes are numerous in the….

A

lamina propria of GI tract

Histology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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